Refrigerant compositions containing a compatibilizer

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides compositions that are useful for compatibilizing a conventional, non-polar, compression refrigeration lubricant and a hydrofluorocarbon and/or hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerant in a compression refrigeration apparatus. Additionally, these compositions promote efficient return of lubricant from the non-compressor zones to the compressor zones of the aforesaid refrigeration apparatus.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This is a continuation-in-part of prior application Ser. No. 10/010187, filed Dec. 6, 2001.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention relates to refrigerant compositions comprising relatively polar, halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant; relatively non-polar, conventional, compression refrigeration lubricant; and a compound that compatibilizes said polar halogenated hydrocarbon and non-polar lubricant. The compatibilizer decreases the viscosity of the lubricant in the coldest portions of a compression refrigeration apparatus by solubilizing halogenated hydrocarbon and lubricant, which results in efficient return of the lubricant from non-compressor zones to a compressor zone in a compression refrigeration system. The present invention further relates to a compression refrigeration apparatus containing such a compatibilizer, as well as a method for improving the energy efficiency of a compression refrigeration apparatus comprising the step of using such a compatibilizer in the apparatus.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Over the course of the last twenty (20) years it has been debated whether the release of chlofluorocarbons into the atmosphere has effected the stratospheric ozone layer. As a result of this debate and international treaties, the refrigeration and air-conditioning industries have been weaning themselves from the use and production of certain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Presently, the industries are transitioning towards the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) having zero ozone depletion potential. Notably, this transition to HFCs necessitated the advent of a new class of lubricants because of the immiscibility of conventional lubricants, such as mineral oil, poly x-olefin and alkylbenzene with HFC refrigerants.

[0004] The new class of lubricants includes polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) and polyol esters (POEs) lubricants. While the PAG and POE lubricants have suitable lubricant properties, they are extremely hygroscopic and can absorb several thousand ppm (parts per million) of water on exposure to moist air. This absorbed water leads to undesirable formation of acids that cause corrosion of the refrigeration system and formation of intractable sludges. In comparison, conventional refrigeration lubricants are considerably less hygroscopic and have low solubility, less than 100 ppm for water. Further, PAGs and POEs are considerably more expensive than conventional refrigeration lubricants—typically on the order of three to six times more. PAGs and POEs have also been found to have unfavorable electrical insulating properties.

[0005] Accordingly, there existed a need and an opportunity to resolve this solubility problem so that the refrigeration industry could utilize the conventional non-polar mineral oil and alkylbenzene lubricants with polar HFC-based refrigerants. Another need and opportunity also existed when the industry began transitioning towards the use of HCFC-based refrigerants as a replacement for pure CFC refrigerants. This need became apparent due to the diminished solubility of HCFCs in mineral oil, which forced the industry to incurr an additional expense of changing the lubricant to an alkylbenzene to achieve adequate lubricating and cooling performance.

[0006] For the last ten years the refrigeration and air-conditioning industries have been struggling with these long-felt but unsolved needs, finally, the present invention satisfies the pressing needs of these industries. While numerous attempts have been made to use conventional non-polar lubricants with polar hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants, the lack of solubility of the polar refrigerant in the non-polar conventional lubricant generally results in a highly viscous lubricant in the non-compressor zones, which unfortunately results in insufficient lubricant return to the compressor. When the non-polar conventional lubricant and the polar refrigerant naturally escape the compressor and enter the non-compressor zones, phase separation/insolubilty of the lubricant and the refrigerant occurs. This phase separation contributes to the highly viscous lubricant remaining in the non-compressor zone, whilst the refrigerant continues its path throughout the refrigeration system. The insolubility and highly viscous nature of the lubricant leaves the lubricant stranded in the non-compressor zones, which leads to an undesirable accumulation of lubricant in the non-compressor zones. This accumulation of lubricant and the lack of return of the lubricant to the compressor zone eventually starves the compressor of lubricant and results in the compressor overheating and seizing. Such stranded lubricant may also decrease the efficiency of the refrigeration system by interfering with heat transfer, due to thick lubricant films deposited on interior surfaces of the heat exchangers (e.g. condenser and evaporator). Further, during cold compressor starts, insoluble refrigerant and lubricant may cause compressor seizure due to poor lubrication and foaming of the lubricant.

[0007] For the foregoing reasons, there is a well-recognized need in the refrigeration and air-conditioning industries for a compatabilizer that compatibilizes a polar halogenated hydrocarbon and a non-polar conventional lubricant in a compression refrigeration system, and promotes efficient return of lubricant to the compressor.

SUMMARY

[0008] The present invention is directed to lubricant and refrigerant compositions containing a compatibilizer that satisfies the refrigeration and air-conditioning industries's problem of insolubility between conventional non-polar compression refrigeration lubricants and polar hydrofluorocarbon and/or hydrochlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. The compatibilizers decrease the viscosity of the non-polar lubricant in the coldest portions of a compression refrigeration apparatus by solubilizing the polar halogenated hydrocarbon and lubricant in the non-compressor zones, which results in efficient return of lubricant from non-compressor zones to a compressor zone. The present invention is also directed to processes for returning lubricant from a non-compressor zone to a compressor zone in a compression refrigeration system, methods of solubilizing a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in a lubricant, as well as methods of lubricating a compressor in a compression refrigeration apparatus containing a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant.

[0009] The present invention comprises lubricant compositions for use in compression refrigeration and air conditioning apparatus comprising: (a) at least one lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, napthenes, aromatics and poly-α-olefins, and (b) at least one compatibilizer. The present invention further comprises refrigerant compositions for use in compression refrigeration and air conditioning comprising: (a) at least one halogenated hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons; (b) at least one lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, napthenes, aromatics and poly-α-olefins; and (c) at least one compatibilizer. The present invention further comprises compositions for use in compression refrigeration and air conditioning apparatus containing paraffinic, napthenic, aromatic and/or poly-α-olefinic lubricant comprising: (a) at least one halogenated hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons; and (b) at least one compatibilizer.

[0010] The present invention also provides processes for returning lubricant from a non-compressor zone to a compressor zone in a compression refrigeration system comprising: (a) contacting a lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and polyalphaolefins, in said non-compressor zone with a halogenated hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, in the presence of a compatibilizer to form a solution comprising said lubricant, said halogenated hydrocarbon, and said compatibilizer; and (b) transferring said solution from said non-compressor zone to said compressor zone of said refrigeration system.

[0011] The present invention further provides methods of solubilizing a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, in a lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and polyalphaolefins, which comprise the steps of contacting said lubricant with said halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in the presence of an effective amount of a compatibilizer and forming a solution of said lubricant and said halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant.

[0012] The present invention further pertains to methods of lubricating a compressor in a compression refrigeration apparatus containing a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, comprising the step of adding to said compressor a composition comprising: (a) at least one lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and polyalphaolefins; and (b) at least one compatibilizer. The present invention also pertains to a method for delivering a compatibilizer to a compression refrigeration apparatus.

[0013] The present invention is also directed to a refrigeration apparatus comprising a.) a compression refrigeration circuit comprising a compressor, an evaporator and a condensor, and b.) an insulating plenum containing a refrigeration chamber, said refrigeration chamber being in contact with said evaporator, and said refrigeration circuit containing a composition comprising a compatibilizer.

[0014] The present invention is also directed to a method for improving the energy efficiency of a compression refrigeration apparatus containing closed cell polymer foam containing gaseous hydrofluorocarbon in said cells, comprising the step of using a composition comprising a compatibilizer in the compression refrigeration apparatus.

[0015] The lubricants and/or refrigerant compositions, as well as the above described methods and/or processes can optionally include a fragrance.

[0016] Compatibilizers of the present invention include:

[0017] (i) polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers represented by the formula R¹[(OR²)_(x)OR³]_(y), wherein: x is selected from integers from 1 to 3; y is selected from integers from 1 to 4; R¹ is selected from hydrogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and y bonding sites; R² is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; R³ is selected from hydrogen, and aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; at least one of R¹ and R³ is selected from said hydrocarbon radicals; and wherein said polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 2.3 to about 5.0;

[0018] (ii) amides represented by the formulae R¹CONR²R³ and cyclo-[R⁴CON(R⁵)-], wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and at most one aromatic radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R⁴ is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 120 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about 20,

[0019] (iii) ketones represented by the formula R¹COR², wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said ketones have a molecular weight of from about 70 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 4 to about 13,

[0020] (iv) nitriles represented by the formula R¹CN, wherein R¹ is selected from aliphatic, alicyclic or aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said nitriles have a molecular weight of from about 90 to about 200 atomic mass units and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of from about 6 to about 12,

[0021] (v) chlorocarbons represented by the formula RCl_(x), wherein; x is selected from the integers 1 or 2; R is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said chlorocarbons have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 200 atomic mass units and carbon to chlorine ratio from about 2 to about 10,

[0022] (vi) aryl ethers represented by the formula R¹OR², wherein: R¹ is selected from aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R² is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and wherein said aryl ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 150 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 4 to about 20,

[0023] (vii) 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes represented by the formula CF₃R¹, wherein R¹ is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms; and

[0024] (viii) fluoroethers represented by the formula R¹OCF₂CF₂H, wherein R¹ is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms.

[0025] In the compositions of the present invention, the weight ratio of said lubricant to said compatibilizer is from about 99:1 to about 1:1.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0026] The present invention is better understood with reference to the following figures, where:

[0027]FIG. 1 is a graph of phase separation temperature (“PST”)(° C.) versus carbon to oxygen ratio for various polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers (25 wt %), HFC-134a refrigerant (50 wt %) and Zerol® 150 (alkyl benzene lubricant from Shrieve Chemicals) (25 wt %).

[0028]FIG. 2 is a graph of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to oxygen ratio for various polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers (10 wt %), R401A refrigerant (50 wt %) and Suniso® 3GS (mineral oil lubricant from Crompton Co.) (40 wt %).

[0029]FIG. 3 is a graph of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to oxygen ratio for various ketone compatibilizers (25 wt %), HFC-134a refrigerant (50 wt %) and Zerol® 150 (25 wt %).

[0030]FIG. 4 is a graph of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to nitrogen ratio for various nitrile compatibilizers (25 wt %), HFC-134a refrigerant (50 wt %) and Zerol® 150 (25 wt %).

[0031]FIG. 5 is a graph of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to chlorine ratio for various chlorocarbon compatibilizers (25 wt %), HFC-134a refrigerant (50 wt %) and Zerol® 150 (25 wt %).

[0032]FIG. 6 is a graph of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to chlorine ratio for various chlorocarbon compatibilizers (10 wt %), R401A refrigerant (50 wt %) and Suniso® 3GS (40 wt %).

[0033]FIG. 7 is a graph of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to oxygen ratio for various amide compatibilizers (25 wt %), HFC-134a refrigerant (50 wt %) and Zerol® 150 (25 wt %).

[0034]FIG. 8 is a graph of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to oxygen ratio for various amide compatibilizers (10 wt %), R401A refrigerant (50 wt %) and Suniso® 3GS (40 wt %).

[0035]FIG. 9 shows graphs of phase separation temperature (° C.) versus carbon to oxygen ratio for various polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers (25 wt %), Zerol® 150 (25 wt %) and refrigerant HFC-32, HFC-125 or R410A (50 wt %).

[0036]FIG. 10 is a graph of dynamic viscosity versus temperature for POE22 (Mobil Oil product Arctic EAL22, a polyol ester lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 22 cs at 40° C.), Zerol® 150 and the composition: 10 wt % Propylene glycol n-butyl ether (PnB), 5 wt % Dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether (DPnB) and 85 wt % Zerol® 150.

[0037] These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description and the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0038] The present inventors discovered that using an effective amount of the present compatibilizers in conventional compression refrigeration lubricants results in efficient return of lubricant from non-compressor zones to a compressor zone in a compression refrigeration system. The compatibilizers travel throughout a compression refrigeration system mixed with refrigerant and with lubricant that escapes the compressor. Use of compatibilizers results in the decrease of the viscosity of lubricant in the coldest portions of compression refrigeration systems, such as an evaporator, thereby enabling return of the lubricant from the evaporator to the compressor. The inventors discovered that the viscosity of lubricant in the coldest sections of compression refrigeration systems is reduced upon use of the present compatibilizers. This reduction in lubricant viscosity is due to an increase in solubility of halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants in lubricant containing the compatibilizers. Through control of the ratio of carbon to polar groups (e.g. ether, carbonyl, nitrile, halogen) in the compatibilizer, the inventors discovered that the polar group-containing compatibilizer could surprisingly be caused to remain miscible with the essentially non-polar lubricants in the coldest sections of compression refrigeration apparatus and simultaneously increase the solubility of halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in the lubricant. Without wishing to be bound by theory, the polar functional groups in the present compatibilizers are attracted to the relatively polar halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant while the hydrocarbon portion of the compatibilizer is miscible with the relatively low polarity lubricant. The result upon use of the present compatibilizers in the present conventional lubricants is an increase in the solubility of halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants in lubricant containing an effective amount of compatibilizer. This increased solubility of the relatively nonviscous halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in conventional lubricants leads to lowering of the viscosity of the lubricant, and results in efficient return of lubricant from non-compressor zones to a compressor zone in a compression refrigeration system. Reducing the amount of lubricant in the evaporator zone also improves heat transfer of the refrigerant and thus improves refrigerating capacity and efficiency of a system. Thus, the present compatibilizers allow for the use of relatively polar halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants, such as hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, with relatively non-polar conventional lubricants; mixtures which are normally immiscible and previously thought to be not useful together as refrigerant compositions in compression refrigeration systems.

[0039] The result of increased solubility of halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants in conventional lubricants further allows liquid refrigerant to dissolve and carry stranded lubricant out of the condenser, improving both lubricant return and heat transfer in the condenser and resulting in improved capacity and efficiency of the refrigeration system.

[0040] The present compatibilizers improve the energy efficiency and capacity of a compression refrigeration system by increasing the enthalpy change upon desorption of halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant from lubricant and compatibilizer composition in the evaporator, as well as absorption of refrigerant into the lubricant and compatibilizer composition in the condenser. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that forming and breaking attractions between the refrigerant and the polar functional group-containing compatibilizer results in the increase in enthalpy change.

[0041] In most instances, the volume resistivity (ohm×cm) of polyol ester and polyalkylene glycol lubricants presently used with hydrofluorocarbon-based refrigerants is unacceptably low. The present compositions comprising compatibilizer and conventional lubricant have increased volume resistivity versus polyol ester and polyalkylene glycol lubricants.

[0042] The present compatibilizers may benefically increase the viscosity index of conventional lubricants. This gives the desirable result of lower viscosity at low temperature without significantly lowering viscosity at high temperature, a viscosity profile similar to that of many polyol esters. Such a viscosity index ensures lubricant return from the evaporator while maintaining acceptable viscosity for compressor operation.

[0043] The present compatibilizers are useful in retrofit applications where converting a refrigeration or air conditioning system from a hydrofluorocarbon/POE lubricant composition to a hydrofluorocarbon/conventional lubricant composition. Normally in a system containing a POE-type lubricant, the lubricant must be essentially completely removed and then the system flushed several times before introducing conventional lubricant (e.g., mineral oil, alkylbenzenes). However, compatibilizer may be introduced with the conventional lubricant and flushing of essentially all POE-type lubricant is not necessary. Use of compatbilizer in retrofit to a hydrofluorocarbon/conventional lubricant composition eliminates the need for flushing to remove essentially all POE. Trace or residual POE lubricant is miscible with the inventive hydrofluorocarbon/convention oil/compatibilizer composition.

[0044] In the present compositions comprising lubricant and compatibilizer, from about 1 to about 50 weight percent, preferably from about 6 to about 45 weight percent, and most preferably from about 10 to about 40 weight percent of the combined lubricant and compatibilizer composition is compatibilizer. In terms of weight ratios, in the present compositions comprising lubricant and compatibilizer, the weight ratio of lubricant to compatibilizer is from about 99:1 to about 1:1, preferably from about 15.7:1 to about 1.2:1, and most preferably from about 9:1 to about 1.5:1. Compatibilizer may be charged to a compression refrigeration system as a composition of compatibilizer and halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant. When charging a compression refrigeration system with the present compatibilizer and halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant compositions, to deliver an amount of compatibilizer such that the aforementioned relative amounts of compatibilizer and lubricant are satisfied, the compatibilizer and halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant composition will typically contain from about 0.1 to about 40 weight percent, preferably from about 0.2 to about 20 weight percent, and most preferably from about 0.3 to about 10 weight percent compatibilizer in the combined compatibilizer and halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant composition. In compression refrigeration systems containing the present compositions comprising halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant, lubricant and compatibilizer, from about 1 to about 70 weight percent, preferably from about 10 to about 60 weight percent of the halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant, lubricant and compatibilizer composition is lubricant and compatibilizer. Compatibilizer concentrations greater than about 50 weight percent of the combined lubricant and compatibilizer composition are typically not needed to obtain acceptable lubricant return from non-compressor zones to a compressor zone. Compatibilizer concentrations greater than about 50 weight percent of the combined lubricant and compatibilizer composition can negatively influence the viscosity of the lubricant, which can lead to inadequate lubrication and stress on, or mechanical failure of, the compressor. Further, compatibilizer concentrations higher than about 50 weight percent of the combined lubricant and compatibilizer composition can negatively influence the refrigeration capacity and performance of a refrigerant composition in a compression refrigeration system. An effective amount of compatibilizer in the present compositions leads to halogenated hydrocarbon and lubricant becoming solubilized to the extent that adequate return of lubricant in a compression refrigeration system from non-compressor zones (e.g. evaporator or condenser) to the compressor zone is obtained.

[0045] Halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants of the present invention contain at least one carbon atom and one fluorine atom. Of particular utility are halogenated hydrocarbons having 1-6 carbon atoms containing at least one fluorine atom, optionally containing chlorine and oxygen atoms, and having a normal boiling point of from −90° C. to 80° C. These halogenated hydrocarbons may be represented by the general formula C_(w)F_(2w+2−x−y)H_(x)Cl_(y)O_(z), wherein w is 1-6, x is 1-9, y is 0-3, and z is 0-2. Preferred of the halogenated hydrocarbons are those in which w is 1-6, x is 1-5, y is 0-1, and z is 0-1. The present invention is particularly useful with hydrofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon-based refrigerants. Halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants are commercial products available from a number of sources such as E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Fluoroproducts, Wilmington, Del., 19898, USA, or are available from custom chemical synthesis companies such as PCR Inc., P.O. Box 1466, Gainesville, Fla., 32602, USA, and additionally by synthetic processes disclosed in art such as The Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, or Chemistry of Organic Fluorine Compounds, edited by Milos Hudlicky, published by The MacMillan Company, New York, N.Y., 1962. Representative halogenated hydrocarbons include: CHClF₂ (HCFC-22), CHF₃ (HFC-23), CH₂F₂ (HFC-32), CH₃F (HFC-41), CF₃CF₃ (FC-116), CHClFCF₃ (HCFC-124), CHF₂CF₃ (HFC-125), CH₂ClCF₃ (HCFC-133a), CHF₂CHF₂ (HFC-134), CH₂FCF₃ (HFC-134a), CClF₂CH₃ (HCFC-142b), CHF₂CH₂F (HFC-143), CF₃CH₃ (HFC-143a), CHF₂CH₃ (HFC-152a), CHF₂CF₂CF₃ (HFC-227ca), CF₃CFHCF₃ (HFC-227ea), (HFC-236ca), CH₂FCF₂CF₃ (HFC-236cb), CHF₂CHFCF₃ (HFC-236ea), CF₃CH₂CF₃ (HFC-236fa), CH₂FCF₂CHF₂ (HFC-245ca), CH₃CF₂CF₃ (HFC-245cb), CHF₂CHFCHF₂ (HFC-245ea), CH₂FCHFCF₃ (HFC-245eb), CHF₂CH₂CF₃ (HFC-245fa), CH₂FCF₂CH₂F (HFC-254ca), CH₂CF₂CHF₂ (HFC-254cb), CH₂FCHFCHF₂ (HFC-254ea), CH₃CHFCF₃ (HFC-254eb), CHF₂CH₂CHF₂ (HFC-254fa), CH₂FCH₂CF₃ (HFC-254fb), CH₃CF₂CH₃ (HFC-272ca), CH₃CHFCH₂F (HFC-272ea), CH₂FCH₂CH₂F (HFC-272fa), CH₃CH₂CF₂H(HFC-272fb), CH₃CHFCH₃ (HFC-281ea), CH₃CH₂CH₂F (HFC-281fa), CHF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂H(HFC-338 pcc), CF₃CHFCHFCF₂CF₃ (HFC-43-10mee), C₄F₉OCH₃, and C₄F₉OC₂H₅.

[0046] The present invention is particularly useful with the hydrofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon-based refrigerants, such as, CHClF₂ (HCFC-22), CHF₃ (HFC-23), CH₂F₂ (HFC-32), CHClFCF₃ (HCFC-124), CHF₂CF₃ (HFC-125), CHF₂CHF₂ (HFC-134), CH₂FCF₃ (HFC-134a), CF₃CH₃ (HFC-143a), CHF₂CH₃ (HFC-152a), CHF₂CF₂CF₃ (HFC-227ca), CF₃CFHCF₃ (HFC-227ea), CF₃CH₂CF₃ (HFC-236fa), CHF₂CH₂CF₃ (HFC-245fa), CHF₂CF₂CF₂CF₂H(HFC-338 pcc), CF₃CHFCHFCF₂CF₃ (HFC-43-10mee); and the azeotropic and azeotrope-like halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant compositions, such as, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124 (known by the ASHRAE designations, R-401A, R-401B, and R-401C), HFC-125/HFC-143a/HFC-134a (known by the ASHRAE designation, R-404A), HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-134a (known by ASHRAE designations, R-407A, R-407B, and R-407C), HCFC-22/HFC-143a/HFC-125 (known by the ASHRAE designation, R-408A), HCFC-22/HCFC-124/HCFC-142b (known by the ASHRAE designation: R-409A), HFC-32/HFC-125 (R-410A), and HFC-125/HFC-143a (known by the ASHRAE designation: R-507).

[0047] The halogenated hydrocarbons of the present invention may optionally further comprise up to 10 weight percent of dimethyl ether, or at least one C₃ to C₅ hydrocarbon, e.g., propane, propylene, cyclopropane, n-butane, i-butane, and n-pentane. Examples of halogenated hydrocarbons containing such C₃ to C₅ hydrocarbons are azeotrope-like compositions of HCFC-22/HFC-125/propane (known by the ASHRAE designation, R-402A and R-402B) and HCFC-22/octafluoropropane/propane (known by the ASHRAE designation, R-403A and R-403B).

[0048] Lubricants of the present invention are those conventionally used in compression refrigeration apparatus utilizing chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. Such lubricants and their properties are discussed in the 1990 ASHRAE Handbook, Refrigeration Systems and Applications, chapter 8, titled “Lubricants in Refrigeration Systems”, pages 8.1 through 8.21, herein incorporated by reference. Lubricants of the present invention are selected by considering a given compressor's requirements and the environment to which the lubricant will be exposed. Lubricants of the present invention preferrably have a kinematic viscosity of at least about 15 cs (centistokes) at 40° C. Lubricants of the present invention comprise those commonly known as “mineral oils” in the field of compression refrigeration lubrication. Mineral oils comprise paraffins (i.e. straight-chain and branched-carbon-chain, saturated hydrocarbons), naphthenes (i.e. cyclic paraffins) and aromatics (i.e. unsaturated, cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more rings characterized by alternating double bonds). Lubricants of the present invention further comprise those commonly known as “synthetic oils” in the field of compression refrigeration lubrication. Synthetic oils comprise alkylaryls (i.e. linear and branched alkyl alkylbenzenes), synthetic paraffins and napthenes, and poly(alphaolefins). Representative conventional lubricants of the present invention are the commercially available BVM 100 N (paraffinic mineral oil sold by BVA Oils), Suniso® 3GS (napthenic mineral oil sold by Crompton Co.), Sontex® 372LT (napthenic mineral oil sold by Pennzoil), Calumet® RO-30 (napthenic mineral oil sold by Calument Lubricants), Zerol® 75 and Zerol® 150 (linear alkylbenzenes sold by Shrieve Chemicals) and HAB 22 (branched alkylbenzene sold by Nippon Oil).

[0049] Compatibilizers of the present invention comprise polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers represented by the formula R¹ [(OR²)_(x)OR³]_(y), wherein: x is selected from integers from 1-3; y is selected from integers from 1-4; R¹ is selected from hydrogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and y bonding sites; R² is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; R³ is selected from hydrogen and aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; at least one of R¹ and R³ is said hydrocarbon radical; and wherein said polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 2.3 to about 5.0. In the present polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers represented by R¹[(OR²)_(x)OR³]_(y): x is preferably 1-2; y is preferably 1; R¹ and R³ are preferably independently selected from hydrogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R² is preferably selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 2 or 3 carbon atoms, most preferably 3 carbon atoms; the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether molecular weight is preferably from about 100 to about 250 atomic mass units, most preferably from about 125 to about 250 atomic mass units; and the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether carbon to oxygen ratio is preferably from about 2.5 to 4.0 when hydrofluorocarbons are used as halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant, most preferably from about 2.7 to about 3.5 when hydrofluorocarbons are used as halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant, and preferably from about 3.5 to 5.0 when hydrochlorofluorocarbon-containing refrigerants are used as halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant, most preferably from about 4.0 to about 4.5 when hydrochlorofluorocarbon-containing refrigerants are used as halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant. The R¹ and R³ hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms may be linear, branched or cyclic. Representative R¹ and R³ hydrocarbon radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. Where free hydroxyl radicals on the present polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers may be incompatible with certain compression refrigeration apparatus materials of construction (e.g. Mylar®), R¹ and R³ are preferably aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 carbon atom. The R² aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms form repeating oxyalkylene radicals —(OR²)_(x)— that include oxyethylene radicals, oxypropylene radicals, and oxybutylene radicals. The oxyalkylene radical comprising R² in one polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizer molecule may be the same, or one molecule may contain different R² oxyalkylene groups. The present polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers preferably comprise at least one oxypropylene radical. Where R¹ is an aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and y bonding sites, the radical may be linear, branched or cyclic. Representative R¹ aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having two bonding sites include, for example, an ethylene radical, a propylene radical, a butylene radical, a pentylene radical, a hexylene radical, a cyclopentylene radical and a cyclohexylene radical. Representative R¹ aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having three or four bonding sites include residues derived from polyalcohols, such as trimethylolpropane, glycerin, pentaerythritol, 1,2,3-trihydroxycyclohexane and 1,3,5-trihydroxycyclohexane, by removing their hydroxyl radicals. Representative polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers include: CH₃OCH₂CH(CH₃)O(H or CH₃) (propylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), CH₃O[CH₂CH(CH₃)O]₂(H or CH₃) (dipropylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), CH₃O[CH₂CH(CH₃)O]₃(H or CH₃) (tripropylene glycol methyl (or dimethyl) ether), C₂H₅OCH₂CH(CH₃)O(H or C₂H₅) (propylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) ether), C₂H₅O[CH₂CH(CH₃)O]₂(H or C₂H₅) (dipropylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) ether), C₂H₅O[CH₂CH(CH₃)0]₃(H or C₂H₅) (tripropylene glycol ethyl (or diethyl) ether), C₃H₇OCH₂CH(CH₃)O(H or C₃H₇) (propylene glycol n-propyl (or di-n-propyl) ether), C₃H₇O[CH₂CH(CH₃)O]₂(H or C₃H₇) (dipropylene glycol n-propyl (or di-n-propyl) ether), C₃H₇O[CH₂CH(CH₃)O]₃(H or C₃H₇) (tripropylene glycol n-propyl (or di-n-propyl) ether), C₄H₉OCH₂CH(CH₃)OH (propylene glycol n-butyl ether), C₄H₉O[CH₂CH(CH₃)O]₂(H or C₄H₉) (dipropylene glycol n-butyl (or di-n-butyl) ether), C₄H₉O[CH₂CH(CH₃)O]₃(H or C₄H₉) (tripropylene glycol n-butyl (or di-n-butyl) ether), (CH₃)₃COCH₂CH(CH₃)OH (propylene glycol t-butyl ether), (CH₃)₃CO[CH₂CH(CH₃)O]₂(H or (CH₃)₃) (dipropylene glycol t-butyl (or di-t-butyl) ether), (CH₃)₃CO[CH₂CH(CH₃)0]₃(H or (CH₃)₃) (tripropylene glycol t-butyl (or di-t-butyl) ether), C₅H₁₁ OCH₂CH(CH₃)OH (propylene glycol n-pentyl ether), C₄H₉OCH₂CH(C₂H₅)OH (butylene glycol n-butyl ether), C₄H₉O[CH₂CH(C₂H₅)O]₂H (dibutylene glycol n-butyl ether), trimethylolpropane tri-n-butyl ether (C₂H₅C(CH₂O(CH₂)₃CH₃)₃) and trimethylolpropane di-n-butyl ether (C₂H₅C(CH₂OC(CH₂)₃CH₃)₂CH₂OH).

[0050] Compatibilizers of the present invention further comprise amides represented by the formulae R¹CONR²R³ and cyclo-[R⁴CON(R⁵)-], wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and at most one aromatic radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R⁴ is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 120 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about 20. The molecular weight of said amides is preferably from about 160 to about 250 atomic mass units. The carbon to oxygen ratio in said amides is preferably from about 7 to about 16, and most preferably from about 10 to about 14. R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ may optionally include substituted radicals, that is, radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy). R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ may optionally include heteroatom-substituted radicals, that is, radicals which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (oxa-) or sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. In general, no more than three non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10 carbon atoms in R¹⁻³ and R⁵, and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be considered in applying the aforementioned ratio of carbon to oxygen and molecular weight limitations. Preferred amide compatibilizers consist of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. Representative R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers. Representative R¹, R², R² and R⁵ aromatic radicals include phenyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl, benzyl, phenethyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl and pyridyl. A preferred embodiment of amide compatibilizers are those wherein R⁴ in the aforementioned formula cyclo-[R⁴CON(R⁵)-] may be represented by the hydrocarbylene radical (CR⁶R⁷)_(n), in other words, the formula: cyclo-[(CR⁶R⁷)_(n)CON(R⁵)-] wherein: the previously-stated values for (a) ratio of carbon to oxygen and (b) molecular weight apply; n is an integer from 3 to 5; R⁵ is a saturated hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms; R⁶ and R⁷ are indepedently selected (for each n) by the rules previously offered defining R¹⁻³. In the lactams represented by the formula: cyclo-[(CR⁶R⁷), CON(R⁵)-], all R⁶ and R⁷ are preferably hydrogen, or contain a single saturated hydrocarbon radical among the n methylene units, and R⁵ is a saturated hydrocarbon radical containing 3 to 12 carbon atoms. For example, 1-(saturated hydrocarbon radical)-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-ones. Representative amide compatibilizers include: 1-octylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-decylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-octyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-butylcaprolactam, 1-isobutylcaprolactam, 1-cyclohexylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-cyclohexyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-butyl-5-methylpiperid-2-one, 1-pentyl-5-methylpiperid-2-one, 1-hexylcaprolactam, 1-hexyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-heptyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-nonyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-undecyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-dodecyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 5-methyl-1-pentylpiperid-2-one, 1,3-dimethylpiperid-2-one, 1-methylcaprolactam, 1-butyl-pyrrolidin-2-one, 1,5-dimethylpiperid-2-one, 1-decyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one, 1-dodecylpyrrolid-2-one, N,N-dibutylformamide and N,N-diisopropylacetamide.

[0051] Compatibilizers of the present invention further comprise ketones represented by the formula R¹COR², wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said ketones have a molecular weight of from about 70 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 4 to about 13. R¹ and R² in said ketones are preferably independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 9 carbon atoms. The molecular weight of said ketones is preferably from about 100 to 200 atomic mass units. The carbon to oxygen ratio in said ketones is preferably from about 7 to about 10. R¹ and R² may together form a hydrocarbylene radical connected and forming a five, six, or seven-membered ring cyclic ketone, for example, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, and cycloheptanone. R¹ and R² may optionally include substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy). R¹ and R² may optionally include heteroatom-substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (keto-, oxa-) or sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. In general, no more than three non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10 carbon atoms in R¹ and R², and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be considered in applying the aforementioned ratio of carbon to oxygen and molecular weight limitations. Representative R¹ and R² aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula R¹COR² include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers, as well as phenyl, benzyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl and phenethyl. Representative ketone compatibilizers include: 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, acetophenone, butyrophenone, hexanophenone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, 2-heptanone, 3-heptanone, 5-methyl-2-hexanone, 2-octanone, 3-octanone, diisobutyl ketone, 4-ethylcyclohexanone, 2-nonanone, 5-nonanone, 2-decanone, 4-decanone, 2-decalone, 2-tridecanone, dihexyl ketone and dicyclohexyl ketone.

[0052] Compatibilizers of the present invention further comprise nitrites represented by the formula R¹CN, wherein R¹ is selected from aliphatic, alicyclic or aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said nitrites have a molecular weight of from about 90 to about 200 atomic mass units and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of from about 6 to about 12. R¹ in said nitrile compatibilizers is preferably selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having 8 to 10 carbon atoms. The molecular weight of said nitrile compatibilizers is preferably from about 120 to about 140 atomic mass units. The carbon to nitrogen ratio in said nitrile compatibilizers is preferably from about 8 to about 9. R¹ may optionally include substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals containing non-hydrocarbon substituents selected from halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine) and alkoxides (e.g. methoxy). R¹ may optionally include heteroatom-substituted hydrocarbon radicals, that is, radicals which contain the atoms nitrogen (aza-), oxygen (keto-, oxa-) or sulfur (thia-) in a radical chain otherwise composed of carbon atoms. In general, no more than three non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms, and preferably no more than one, will be present for each 10 carbon atoms in R¹, and the presence of any such non-hydrocarbon substituents and heteroatoms must be considered in applying the aforementioned ratio of carbon to nitrogen and molecular weight limitations. Representative R¹ aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula R¹CN include include pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers, as well as phenyl, benzyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl and phenethyl. Representative nitrile compatibilizers include: 1-cyanopentane, 2,2-dimethyl-4-cyanopentane, 1-cyanohexane, 1-cyanoheptane, 1-cyanooctane, 2-cyanooctane, 1-cyanononane, 1-cyanodecane, 2-cyanodecane, 1-cyanoundecane and 1-cyanododecane. Nitrile compatibilizers are especially useful in compatibilizing HFC refrigerants with aromatic and alkylaryl lubricants.

[0053] Compatibilizers of the present invention further comprise chlorocarbons represented by the formula RCl_(x), wherein; x is selected from the integers 1 or 2; R is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said chlorocarbons have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 200 atomic mass units and carbon to chlorine ratio from about 2 to about 10. The molecular weight of said chlorocarbon compatibilizers is preferably from about 120 to 150 atomic mass units. The carbon to chlorine ratio in said chlorocarbon compatibilizers is preferably from about 6 to about 7. Representative R aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula RCl_(x) include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl and their configurational isomers. Representative chlorocarbon compatibilizers include: 3-(chloromethyl)pentane, 3-chloro-3-methylpentane, 1-chlorohexane, 1,6-dichlorohexane, 1-chloroheptane, 1-chlorooctane, 1-chlorononane, 1-chlorodecane, and 1,1,1-trichlorodecane.

[0054] Compatibilizers of the present invention further comprise aryl ethers represented by the formula R¹OR², wherein: R¹ is selected from aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R² is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and wherein said aryl ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 150 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 4 to about 20. The carbon to oxygen ratio in said aryl ether compatibilizers is preferably from about 7 to about 10. Representative R¹ aryl radicals in the general formula R¹OR² include phenyl, biphenyl, cumenyl, mesityl, tolyl, xylyl, naphthyl and pyridyl. Representative R² aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals in the general formula R¹OR² include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl. Representative aromatic ether compatibilizers include: methyl phenyl ether (anisole), 1,3-dimethyoxybenzene, ethyl phenyl ether and butyl phenyl ether.

[0055] Compatibilizers of the present invention further comprise 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes represented by the general formula CF₃R¹, wherein R¹ is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms, preferably primary, linear, saturated, alkyl radicals. Representative 1,1,1-trifluoroalkane compatibilizers include: 1,1,1-trifluorohexane and 1,1,1-trifluorododecane.

[0056] Compatibilizers of the present invention further comprise fluoroethers represented by the general formula R¹OCF₂CF₂H, wherein R¹ is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms, preferably primary, linear, saturated, alkyl radicals. Representative fluoroether compatibilizers include: C₈H₁₇OCF₂CF₂H and C₆H₁₃OCF₂CF₂H.

[0057] Compatibilizers of the present invention may comprise a single compatibilizer species or multiple compatibilizer species together in any proportion. For example, a compatibilizer may comprise a mixture of compounds from within a single compatibilizer species (e.g. a mixture of polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers) or a mixture of compounds chosen from different compatibilizer species (e.g. a mixture of a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether with a ketone).

[0058] Compatibilizer of the present invention may optionally further comprise from about 1 to about 50 weight percent, preferably from about 1 to about 10 weight percent based on total amount of compatibilizer, of an ester containing the functional group —CO₂— and having a carbon to ester functional group carbonyl oxygen ratio of from about 2 to about 6. The optional esters may be represented by the general formula R¹CO₂R², wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from linear and cyclic, saturated and unsaturated, alkyl and aryl radicals. R¹ and R² are optionally connected forming a ring, such as a lactone. Preferred optional esters consist essentially of the elements C, H and O having a molecular weight of from about 80 to about 550 atomic mass units. Representative optional esters include: (CH₃)₂CHCH₂OOC(CH₂)₂₋₄OCOCH₂CH(CH₃)₂ (diisobutyl dibasic ester), ethyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, n-butyl proprionate, n-propyl proprionate, ethyl benzoate, di-n-propyl phthalate, benzoic acid ethoxyethyl ester, dipropyl carbonate, “Exxate 700” (a commercial C₇ alkyl acetate), “Exxate 800” (a commercial C₈ alkyl acetate), dibutyl phthalate, and t-butyl acetate.

[0059] Compatibilizer of the present invention may optionally further comprise at least one polyvinyl ether polymer, including polyvinyl ether homopolymers, polyvinyl ether copolymers, and copolymers of vinyl ethers with hydrocarbon alkenes (e.g. ethylene and propylene), and/or functionalized hydrocarbon alkenes (e.g., vinyl acetate and styrene). A representative polyvinyl ether is PVE 32, sold by Idemitsu Kosan and having a kinematic viscosity of 32 cs at 40° C.

[0060] Compatibilizers of the present invention may optionally further comprise from about 0.5 to about 50 weight percent (based on total amount of compatibilizer) of a linear or cyclic aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon containing from 5 to 15 carbon atoms. Representative hydrocarbons include pentane, hexane, octane, nonane, decane, Isopar® H (a high purity C₁₁ to C₁₂ iso-paraffinic), Aromatic 150 (a C₉ to C₁₁ aromatic), Aromatic 200 (a C₉ to C₁₅ aromatic) and Naptha 140. All of these hydrocarbons are sold by Exxon Chemical, USA.

[0061] Compatibilizers of the present invention may optionally further contain from about 0.01 to 30 weight percent (based on total amount of compatibilizer) of an additive which reduces the surface energy of metallic copper, aluminum, steel, or other metals found in heat exchangers in a way that reduces the adhesion of lubricants to the metal. Examples of metal surface energy reducing additives include those disclosed in WIPO PCT publication WO 96/7721, such as Zonyl® FSA, Zonyl® FSP and Zonyl® FSj, all products of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Co. In practice, by reducing the adhesive forces between the metal and the lubricant (i.e. substituting for a compound more tightly bound to the metal), the lubricant circulates more freely through the heat exchangers and connecting tubing in an air conditioning or refrigeration system, instead of remaining as a layer on the surface of the metal. This allows for the increase of heat transfer to the metal and allows efficient return of lubricant to the compressor.

[0062] Commonly used refrigeration system additives may optionally be added, as desired, to compositions of the present invention in order to enhance lubricity and system stability. These additives are generally known within the field of refrigeration compressor lubrication, and include anti wear agents, extreme pressure lubricants, corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, metal surface deactivators, free radical scavengers, foaming and antifoam control agents, leak detectants and the like. In general, these additives are present only in small amounts relative to the overall lubricant composition. They are typically used at concentrations of from less than about 0.1% to as much as about 3% of each additive. These additives are selected on the basis of the individual system requirements. Some typical examples of such additives may include, but are not limited to, lubrication enhancing additives, such as alkyl or aryl esters of phosphoric acid and of thiophosphates. These include members of the triaryl phosphate family of EP lubricity additives, such as butylated triphenyl phosphates (BTPP), or other alkylated triaryl phosphate esters, e.g. Syn-0-Ad 8478 from Akzo Chemicals, tricrecyl phosphates and related compounds. Additionally, the metal dialkyl dithiophosphates (e.g. zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate or ZDDP, Lubrizol 1375) and other members of this family of chemicals may be used in compositions of the present invention. Other antiwear additives include natural product oils and assymetrical polyhydroxyl lubrication additives such as Synergol TMS (International Lubricants). Similarly, stabilizers such as anti oxidants, free radical scavengers, and water scavengers may be employed. Compounds in this category can include, but are not limited to, butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and epoxides.

[0063] Compatiblizers such as ketones may have an objectionable odor which can be masked by addition of an odor masking agent or fragrance. Typical examples of odor masking agents or fragrances may include Evergreen, Fresh Lemon, Cherry, Cinnamon, Peppermint, Floral or Orange Peel or sold by Intercontinental Fragrance, as well as d-limonene and pinene. Such odor masking agents may be used at concentrations of from about 0.001% to as much as about 15% by weight based on the combined weight of odor masking agent and compatibilizer.

[0064] The present invention further comprises processes for producing refrigeration comprising evaporating the present halogenated hydrocarbon-containing refrigeration compositions in the vicinity of a body to be cooled, and processes for producing heat comprising condensing halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in the presence of lubricant and compatibilizer in the presence of a body to be heated.

[0065] The present invention further comprises processes for solubilizing a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in a lubricant, comprising contacting the halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant with the lubricant in the presence of an effective amount of compatibilizer, which forms a solution of the halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant and the lubricant.

[0066] The present invention further relates to processes for returning lubricant from a non-compressor zone to a compressor zone in a compression refrigeration system comprising:

[0067] (a) contacting the lubricant in the non-compressor zone with at least one halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in the presence of an effective amount of compatibilizer; and

[0068] (b) returning the lubricant from the noncompressor zone to the compressor zone of the refrigeration system.

[0069] The present invention further comprises processes for returning a lubricant from a low pressure zone to a compressor zone in a refrigeration system, comprising:

[0070] (a) contacting the lubricant in the low pressure zone of the refrigeration system with at least one halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in the presence of an effective amount of compatibilizer; and

[0071] (b) returning the lubricant from the low pressure zone to the compressor zone of the refrigeration system.

[0072] The refrigerated zones of a compression refrigeration system are often surrounded by insulation that increases the system's energy efficiency. Such insulation typically comprises thermoplastic or thermoset polymer foam, primarily rigid, closed cell, polyisocyanurate and polyurethane foam. With the use of chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons as polymer foam blowing agents being phased out, non-ozone-depleting hydrofluorocarbons such as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) and 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC 245fa) are finding utility as alternate blowing agents. The low cell gas thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane foams which is maintained over time is the key to the superior thermal insulating properties of these foams. While the hydrofluorocarbons satisfy the majority of blowing agent performance criteria (e.g., volatility, nonreactive, solubility, heat of evaporation), they have higher vapor thermal conductivity than the conventional chlorofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon blowing agents. Insulating foams produced with hydrofluorocarbon blowing agents are finding wide utility, however these foams have slightly poorer insulating properties than identical foams blown with conventional blowing agents which is a problem requiring a solution.

[0073] The present compatibilizers improve the energy efficiency and capacity of a compression refrigeration system as previously discussed, and so their use may more than compensate for any lowering of energy efficiency in a refrigeration system that results from use if insulating foam blown with hydrofluorocarbon. The present inventors have discovered a refrigeration system in which the refrigeration zone is surrounded by polymer insulation foamed with hydrofluorocarbon blowing agent, and in which the refrigeration system uses the aforementioned refrigerant compositions containing a compatibilizer. Thus, the present invention further includes a refrigeration apparatus comprising a compression refrigeration circuit comprising a compressor, an evaporator and a condenser, said circuit containing compatibilizer, and an insulating plenum containing a refrigeration chamber in contact with said evaporator. The refrigeration circuit contains a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant selected from hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, a lubricant selected from paraffins, napthenes, aromatics and poly-alpha-olefins, and an effective amount of a previously defined compatibilizer. The insulating plenum comprises a polymer foam blown with a hydrofluorocarbon blowing agent. The insulating plenum preferably comprises rigid, closed cell, thermoplastic (e.g., polystyrene) or thermoset (e.g., polyisocyanurate and polyurethane) polymer foam, blown with a hydrofluorocarbon blowing agent, the cells of said foam containing gaseous hydrofluorocarbon. The evaporator may be in direct or indirect (e.g., secondary loop configuration) contact with said refrigeration chamber. The present inventon further includes a method for improving the energy efficiency of a compression refrigeration system containing closed cell polymer insulating foam that contains gaseous hydrofluorocarbon in the cells of the foam, comprising using a previously defined compatibilizer in the compression refrigeration system.

EXAMPLES

[0074] The following examples are provided to illustrate certain aspects of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

[0075] Herein, all percentages (%) are in weight percentages unless otherwise indicated.

[0076] Naptha 140 (paraffins and cycloparaffins with normal boiling point of 188-208° C.), Aromatic 150 (aromatics with normal boiling point 184-204° C.) and Isopar® H (isoparaffins with normal boiling point 161-203° C.) are all products of Exxon Chemicals. Exxate 700 is a C₇ alkyl acetate produced by Exxon. “POE 22” is used herein as an abbreviation for Mobil Oil product Arctic EAL22, a polyol ester lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 22 cs at 40° C. “POE 32” is used herein as an abbreviation for Uniqema product Emkarate RL32, a polyol ester lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 32 cs at 40° C. Zerol 75 is an alkylbenzene lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 15 cs at 40° C., Zerol 150 is an alkylbenzene lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 32 cs at 40° C., Zerol 200 TD is an alkylbenzene lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 40 cs at 40° C., and Zerol 300 is an alkylbenzene lubricant having a kinematic viscosity of 57 cs at 40° C. The Zerol) products are sold by the Shrieve Corporation. PVE 32 is a polyvinyl ether sold by Idemitsu Kosan having a kinematic viscosity of 32 cs at 40° C. Ucon LB-65 is a polyoxyproplyene glycol lubricant sold by Union Carbide with an average molecular weight of about 340. Ucon 50-HB-100 is a lubricant containing equal amounts of oxyethylene and oxpropylene groups sold by Union Carbide with an average molecular weight of about 520. Ucon 488 is a Union Carbide product having a kinematic viscosity of 130 cs at 40° C. Suniso® 3 GS (sometimes herein abbreviated as “3 GS”) is a napthenic mineral oil with a kinematic viscosity of 33 cs at 40° C., Suniso® 4GS (sometimes herein abbreviated as “4GS”) is a napthenic mineral oil with a kinematic viscosity of 62 cs at 40° C. The Suniso® products are sold by Crompton Corporation. HAB 22 has a kinematic viscosity of 22 cs at 40° C. and is a branched alkylbenzene oil sold by Nippon Oil.

[0077] HCFC-22 is chlorodifluoromethane. HFC-134a is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. R401A is a refrigerant blend containing 53 wt % HCFC-22, 13 wt % HFC-152a (1,1-difluoroethane) and 34 wt % HCFC-124 (2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane). R404A is a refrigerant blend containing 44 wt % HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane), 52 wt % HFC-143a (1,1,1-trifluoroethane) and 4 wt % HFC-134a. R407C is a refrigerant blend containing 23 wt % HFC-32 (difluoromethane), 25 wt % HFC-125 and 52 wt % HFC-134a. R410A is a refrigerant blend containing 50 wt % HFC-32 and 50 wt % HFC-125.

[0078] Abbreviations used herein for a number of materials are shown in the table below with the corresponding material name, and if relevant, formula and molecular weight: Molecular Abbreviation Material Formula Weight BnB Butylene glycol n-butyl ether C₄H₉OCH₂CHOHCH₂CH₃ 146 PnB Propylene glycol n-butyl ether C₄H₉OCH₂CHOHCH₃ 132 DPnB Dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether C₄H₉O[CH₂CH(CH₃)O]₂H 190 TPnB Tripropylene glycol n-butyl ether C₄H₉O[CH₂CH(CH₃)O]₃H 248 PnP Propylene glycol n-propyl ether C₃H₇OCH₂CHOHCH₃ 118 DPnP Dipropylene glycol n-propyl ether C₃H₇O[CH₂CH(CH₃)O]₂H 176 DPM Dipropylene glycol methyl ether CH₃O[CH₂CH(CH₃)O]₂H 148 DMM Dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether CH₃O[CH₂CH(CH₃)O]₂CH₃ 162 PGH Propylene glycol hexyl ether C₆H₁₃OCH₂CHOHCH₃ 160 EGO Ethylene glycol octyl ether C₈H₁₇OCH₂CH₂OH 174 PTB Propylene glycol t-butyl ether C(CH₃)₃OCH(CH₃)CH₂OH 132 1,5-DMPD 1,5-dimethyl piperidone C₇H₁₃NO 127 DMPD Mixture of 70 wt % 1,3- and 30 wt % C₇H₁₃NO 127 1,5-dimethyl piperid-2-one OP 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one C₁₂H₂₃NO 197 DBE-IB Diisobutyl dibasic esters (e.g. diisobutyl (CH₃)₂CHCH₂OOC(CH₂)₂₄— 242 avg. esters of succinic, glutaric and adipic OCOCH₂CH(CH₃)₂ acids)

Example 1

[0079] Polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature was lowered until two phases were observed to the naked eye (i.e., the phase separation temperature, also herein referred to as “PST”). The composition in the container was 50 wt % HFC-134a, 25 wt % Zerol 150 and 25 wt % of compatibilizer. Results are shown below, and in FIG. 1.

Example 1

[0080] Phase Separation Carbon/ Temperature Oxygen Compatibilizer Formula (° C.) Ratio Ethylene glycol butyl ether C₆H₁₄O₂ 4 3.0 Ethylene glycol diethyl ether C₆H₁₄O₂ 5 3.0 Ethylene glycol hexyl ether C₁₀H₂₂O₂ 26 4.0 Dipropylene glycol methyl ether C₇H₁₆O₃ 27 2.33 Dipropylene glycol propyl ether C₉H₂₀O₃ 5.5 3.0 Propylene glycol butyl ether C₇H₁₆O₂ 6 3.5 Propylene glycol propyl ether C₆H₁₄O₂ 11 3.0 Tripropylene glycol butyl ether C₁₃H₂₈O₄ 11 3.25 Propylene glycol dimethyl ether C₅H₁₂O₂ 12 2.5 Tripropylene glycol propyl ether C₁₂H₂₆O₄ 12 3.0 Dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether C₈H₁₈O₃ 13 2.67 Dipropylene glycol butyl ether C₁₀H₂₂O₃ 13 3.33 Diethylene glycol butyl ether C₈H₁₈O₃ 13 2.7 Butylene glycol n-butyl ether C₈H₁₈O₂ 16 4 Dibutylene glycol n-butyl ether C₁₂H₂₆O₃ 18 4 Propylene glycol t-butyl ether C₇H₁₆O₂ 20 3.5 Comparative Data Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether C₁₀H₂₂O₅ 32 2.0 Ucon LB-65 polyalkylene 28 3.0 glycol Ucon 50-HB-100 polyalkylene 32 2.5 glycol PVE 32 polyvinyl ether 62 5 Dipropylene glycol C₆H₁₄O₃ not miscible 2 with Zerol 150

[0081] The data show significantly lower phase separation temperatures versus 50 wt % HFC-134a/50 wt % Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant which has a phase separation temperature of 137° C. The data show that a minimum phase separation temperature occurs at a specific carbon to oxygen ratio of the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizer indicating maximum solubility improvement of hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant in alkylbenzene lubricant.

Example 2

[0082] Polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was 50 wt % R401A refrigerant, 40 wt % Suniso 3GS and 10 wt % of a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizer. Results are shown below, and in FIG. 2.

Example 2

[0083] Phase Separation Carbon/ Temperature Oxygen Compatibilizer Formula (° C.) Ratio Propylene glycol hexyl ether C₉H₂₀O₂ −26 4.5 Butylene glycol butyl ether C₈H₁₈O₂ −19 4.0 Ethylene glycol octyl ether C₁₀H₂₂O₂ −18 5.0 Propylene glycol butyl ether C₇H₁₆O₂  −7 3.5 Dipropylene glycol C₁₀H₂₂O₃ −11 3.33 butyl ether Tripropylene glycol butyl ether C₁₃H₂₈O₄  −7 3.25 Comparative Data Tetraglyme C₁₀H₂₂O₅ not miscible 2.0 with 3GS

[0084] The data show significantly lower phase separation temperature versus 50 wt % R401A refrigerant/50 wt % Suniso 3GS mineral oil, which has a phase separation temperature of 24° C. The data show that a minimum phase separation temperature occurs at a specific carbon to oxygen ratio of the polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizer, indicating maximum solubility improvement of hydrochlorofluorocarbon-containing refrigerant in mineral oil lubricant.

[0085] Butyl phenyl ether (C₁₀H₁₄O), an aryl ether compatibilizer, was also measured and showed a surprisingly low phase separation temperature of −32° C.

Example 3

[0086] Ketone compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was 50 wt % HFC-134a, 25 wt % Zerol 150 and 25 wt % of a ketone compatibilizer. Results are shown below, and in FIG. 3.

Example 3

[0087] Phase Separation Carbon/ Temperature Oxygen Compatibilizer Formula (° C.) Ratio Cycloheptanone C₇H₁₂O −24 7 2-Nonanone C₉H₁₈O −22 9 3-Octanone C₈H₁₆O −17 8 Cyclohexanone C₆H₁₀O −16 6 2-Heptanone C₇H₁₄O −15 7 2-Decanone C₁₀H₂₀O −15 10 4-Decanone C₁₀H₂₀O −14 10 2-Octanone C₈H₁₆O −12 8 5-Nonanone C₉H₁₈O −12 9 4-Ethylcyclohexanone C₈H₁₄O −12 8 3-Heptanone C₇H₁₄O −8 7 Diisobutyl ketone C₉H₁₈O −4 9 2-Decalone C₁₀H₁₆O 2 10 Methyl propyl ketone C₅H₁₀O 3 5 Acetophenone C₈H₈O 4 8 Butyrophenone C₁₀H₁₂O 8 10 2-tridecanone C₁₃H₂₆O 8 13 Methyl ethyl ketone C₄H₈O 16 4 Dihexylketone C₁₃H₂₆O 21 13 Hexanophenone C₁₃H₁₈O 28 13 Dicyclohexyl ketone C₁₃H₂₂O 53 13 Comparative Data Acetone C₃H₆O 56 3

[0088] The data show significantly lower phase separation temperatures versus 50 wt % HFC-134a/50 wt % Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant which has a phase separation temperature of 137° C. The data show that a minimum phase separation temperature occurs at a specific carbon to oxygen ratio of the ketone compatibilizer indicating maximum solubility improvement of hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant in alkylbenzene lubricant.

Example 4

[0089] Nitrile compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was 50 wt % HFC-134a, 25 wt % Zerol 150 and 25 wt % of a nitrile compound. Results are shown below, and in FIG. 4.

Example 4

[0090] Phase Separation Carbon/ Temperature Nitrogen Compatibilizer Formula (° C.) Ratio 1-cyanooctane C₉H₁₇N −26 9 2-cyanooctane C₉H₁₇N −23 9 1-cyanoheptane C₈H₁₅N −18 8 1-cyanodecane C₁₁H₂₁N −13 11 2-cyanodecane C₁₁H₂₁N −12 11 1-cyanopentane C₆H₁₁N −3 6 1-cyanoundecane C₁₂H₂₃N 3 12

[0091] The data show significantly lower phase separation temperatures versus 50 wt % HFC-134a/50 wt % Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant which has a phase separation temperature of 137° C. The data show that a minimum phase separation temperature occurs at a specific carbon to nitrogen ratio of the nitrile compatibilizer indicating solubility improvement of hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant in alkylbenzene lubricant.

Example 5

[0092] Chlorocarbon compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was 50 wt % HFC-134a, 25 wt % Zerol 150 and 25 wt % of a chlorocarbon compatibilizer. Results are shown below, and in FIG. 5.

Example 5

[0093] Phase Separation Carbon/ Temperature Chlorine Compatibilizer Formula (° C.) Ratio 1-chlorobutane C₄H₉Cl 16 4 3-(chloromethyl)pentane C₆H₁₃Cl 34 6 1-chloroheptane C₇H₁₅Cl 40 7 1,6-dichlorohexane C₆H₁₂Cl₂ 47 3 1-chlorooctane C₈H₁₇Cl 54 8 1-chlorohexane C₆H₁₃Cl 38 6 3-chloro-3-methylpentane C₆H₁₃Cl 23 6

[0094] The data show significantly lower phase separation versus 50 wt % HFC-134a/50 wt % Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant which has a phase separation temperature of 137° C. The data show that a minimum phase separation temperature occurs at a specific carbon to chlorine ratio of the chlorocarbon compatibilizer indicating maximum solubility improvement of hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant in alkylbenzene lubricant.

Example 6

[0095] Chlorocarbon compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was 50 wt % R401A refrigerant, 40 wt % Suniso 3GS and 10 wt % chlorocarbon compatibilizer. Results are shown below and in FIG. 6.

Example 6

[0096] Phase Separation Carbon/ Temperature Chlorine Compatibilizer Formula (° C.) Ratio 3-(chloromethyl)pentane C₆H₁₃Cl −25 6 1-chloroheptane C₇H₁₅Cl −24 7 C₆&C₈ monochlorides, — −17 6-8 1:2 weight ratio 1,6-dichlorohexane C₆H₁₂Cl₂ −14 3 1-chlorooctane C₈H₁₇Cl −13 8 1-chlorohexane C₆H₁₃Cl −10 6 3-chloro-3-methylpentane C₆H₁₃Cl −10 6 1-chlorononane C₉H₁₉Cl −7 9 Comparative Data Chlorowax 5760 C₁₃H₂₂- 79 2.2 Cl₆

[0097] The data show significantly lower phase separation versus 50 wt % R401A refrigerant/50 wt % Suniso 3GS mineral oil which has a phase separation temperature of 24° C. The data show that a minimum phase separation temperature occurs at a specific carbon to chlorine ratio of the chlorocarbon compatibilizer indicating maximum solubility of hydrochlorofluorocarbon-containing refrigerant in mineral oil lubricant. Also, Chlorowax 5760 has an unacceptably high PST at 79° C.

Example 7

[0098] Amide compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was either HFC-134a or R401A refrigerants, Zerol 150 or Suniso 3GS lubricants, and an amide compatibilizer. Results are shown below and in FIGS. 7 and 8.

Example 7

[0099] PST (° C.) PST (° C.) 25% Zerol 150 40% 3GS Carbon 25% 10% to Compatibilizer Compatibilizer Oxygen Compatibilizer Formula 50% HFC-134a 50% R401A Ratio 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one C₁₂H₂₃NO −25 −34 12 1-heptyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one C₁₂H₂₃NO −18 — 12 1-octyl-5-methyl pyrrolidin-2-one C₁₃H₂₅NO −17 — 13 1-butylcaprolactam C₁₀H₁₉NO −17 — 10 1-cyclohexylpyrrolidin-2-one C₁₀H₁₇NO −15 −27 10 1-butyl-5-methylpiperidone C₁₀H₁₉NO −13 −20 10 isobutylcaprolactam C₁₀H₁₉NO −11 — 10 1-cyclohexyl-5-methylpyrrolidin- C₁₁H₁₉NO −10 — 11 2-one 1-pentyl-5-methyl piperidone C₁₁H₂₁NO −10 −25 11 1-hexyl caprolactam C₁₂H₂₃NO −10 — 12 1-hexyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one C₁₁H₂₁NO −10 — 11 1-nonyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one C₁₄H₂₇NO −6 — 14 1,3-dimethyl piperidone C₇H₁₃NO −9 — 7 DMPD C₇H₁₃NO −6 — 7 1-decyl-2-pyrrolidin-2-one C₁₄H₂₇NO −4 — 14 1,1-dibutylformamide C₉H₁₉NO −2 −16 9 1-methyl caprolactam C₇H₁₃NO −1 −31 7 1-butyl pyrrolidin-2-one C₈H₁₅NO −1  −4 8 1-decyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-one C₁₅H₂₉NO 2 — 15 1,5-dimethyl piperidone C₇H₁₃NO 2 −15 7 1-dodecyl pyrrolidin-2-one C₁₆H₃₁NO 8 −38 16 1,1-diisopropyl acetamide C₈H₁₇NO 13  4 8 1-undecyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2- C₁₆H₃₁NO 13 — 16 one 1-dodecyl-5-methylpyrrolidin-2- C₁₇H₃₃NO 16 — 17 one N-phenylethylcaprolactam C₁₄H₁₉NO 20 — 14 N-phenylpropylcaprolactam C₁₅H₂₁NO 20 — 15

[0100] The data show significantly lower phase separation temperatures for both hydrofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon-containing refrigerant/lubricant systems versus 50 wt % HFC-134a/50 wt % Zerol 150 which has a phase separation temperature of 137° C., and 50 wt % R401A refrigerant/50 wt % Suniso 3GS which has a phase separation temperature of 24° C. The minimum phase separation temperature for amide compatibilizers with HFC-134a and Zerol 150 occurs at a specific carbon to amide oxygen ratio indicating a maximum solubility improvement for hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants and alkylbenzene lubricant. The phase separation temperature for amide compatibilizers with R401A refrigerant and Suniso 3GS mineral oil lubricant decreases with increasing carbon to amide oxygen ratio.

Example 8

[0101] Polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature was lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was 25 wt % Zerol 150, 25 wt % of compatibilizer and 50% of either HFC-32, HFC-125 or R410A refrigerants. Results are shown below, and in FIG. 9.

Example 8

[0102] PST with PST with Carbon/ PST with HFC-125 R410A Oxygen Compatibilizer Formula HFC-32 (° C.) (° C.) (° C.) Ratio Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether C₄H₁₀O₂ 29 27  12 2.0 Propylene glycol dimethyl ether C₅H₁₂O₂ 23 7  6 2.5 Ethylene glycol diethyl ether C₆H₁₄O₂ 16 3 −1 3.0 Propylene glycol butyl ether C₇H₁₆O₂ 25 2  9 3.5 Butylene glycol n-butyl ether C₈H₁₈O₂ — 6 — 4

[0103] The data show an unexpected and generally lower phase separation temperature when HFC-32 and HFC-125 refrigerants are combined to form R410A refrigerant versus neat HFC-32 or HFC-125.

Example 9

[0104] Aryl ether, 1,1,1-trifluoroalkane and fluoroether compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in a suitable container with refrigerant and lubricant and the temperature lowered until two phases were observed. The composition in the container was 50 wt % HFC-134a refrigerant, 25 wt % Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant and 25 wt % of compatibilizer. Results are shown below.

Example 9

[0105] PST (° C.) PST (° C.) 25% Zerol 150 40% 3GS 25% 10% Compatibilizer Compatibilizer Compatibilizer Formula 50% HFC-134a 50% R401A methoxybenzene C₇H₈O 13 — 1,3-dimethoxybenzene C₈H₁₀O₂ 15 — ethoxybenzene C₈H₁₀O 20 — 1,1,1-trifluorododecane C₁₂H₂₃F₃ 27 −28 1,1,1-trifluorohexane C₆H₁₁F₃ 32 — C₈H₁₇OCF₂CF₂H C₁₀H₁₈F₄O 21 −12 C₆H₁₃OCF₂CF₂H C₈H₁₄F₄O 27 −11

[0106] The data show significantly lower phase separation temperatures for these compatibilizers with both hydrofluorocarbon and hydrochlorofluorocarbon-containing refrigerants versus 50 wt % HFC-134a/50 wt % Zerol 150, which has a phase separation temperature of 137° C., and 50 wt % R401A refrigerant/50 wt % Suniso 3GS, which has a phase separation temperature of 24° C.

Examples 10-28

[0107] A test tube was filled with 7.5 grams of HFC-43-10mee (CF₃CF₂CHFCHFCF₃), herein referred to as “4310”, and 2.5 grams of selected lubricant. Compatibilizers of the present invention were added in 1 gram increments to the 4310/lubricant mixture and the contents of the tube were agitated at 25° C. Changes in phase levels were recorded and compositions of layers analyzed by gas chromatography. One gram increments of compatibilizer were added until the contents of the tube reached one homogeneous phase. Results are shown below.

Example 10

[0108] Grams of Total Bottom DPM added Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % wt % 0 75.0% 4310 20 35 — — 25.0% Zerol 150 1 9.1% DPM 21 41 5% DPM 11% DPM 68.2% 4310 7% 4310 85% 4310 22.7% Zerol 150 88% Zerol 150 4% Zerol 150 2 16.7% DPM 20 49 9% DPM 21% DPM 62.5% 4310 9% 4310 73% 4310 20.8% Zerol 150 82% Zerol 150 6% Zerol 150 3 23.1% DPM 18 59 10% DPM 29% DPM 57.7% 4310 7% 4310 63% 4310 19.2% Zerol 150 83% Zerol 150 8% Zerol 150 4 28.6% DPM 14 71 18% DPM 35% DPM 53.6% 4310 11% 4310 53% 4310 17.8% Zerol 150 71% Zerol 150 12% Zerol 150 5 33.3% DPM  5 87 24% DPM 37% DPM 50.0% 4310 14% 4310 45% 4310 16.7% Zerol 150 62% Zerol 150 18% Zerol 150 6 37.5% DPM — — one layer one layer 46.9% 4310 15.6% Zerol 150

Example 11

[0109] Grams of Total Bottom PnB added Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 34 — — 25.0% Zerol 150 1 9.1% D PnB 23 40 19% PnB 8% PnB 68.2% 4310 15% 4310 89% 4310 22.7% Zerol 150 66% Zerol 150 3% Zerol 150 2 16.7% PnB 25 47 31% PnB 17% PnB 62.5% 4310 25% 4310 79% 4310 20.8% Zerol 150 44% Zerol 150 4% Zerol 150 3 23.1% PnB 23 57 35% PnB 25% PnB 57.7% 4310 35% 4310 69% 4310 19.2% Zerol 150 30% Zerol 150 6% Zerol 150 4 28.6% PnB — — one layer one layer 53.6% 4310 17.8% Zerol 150

Example 12

[0110] Grams of Total Bottom DPnB added Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 34 — — 25.0% Zerol 150 1 9.1% DPnB 23 40 14% DPnB 7% DPnB 68.2% 4310 13% 4310 88% 4310 22.7% Zerol 150 72% Zerol 150 5% Zerol 150 2 16.7% DPnB 26 45 25% DPnB 15% DPnB 62.5% 4310 18% 4310 79% 4310 20.8% Zerol 150 57% Zerol 150 6% Zerol 150 3 23.1% DPnB 27 51 35% DPnB 24% DPnB 57.7% 4310 29% 4310 68% 4310 19.2% Zerol 150 36% Zerol 150 8% Zerol150 4 28.6% DPnB — — one layer one layer 53.6% 4310 17.8% Zerol 150

Example 13

[0111] Grams of Total Bottom TPnB added Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 34 — — 25.0% Zerol 150 1 9.1% TPnB 24 40 29% TPnB 6% TPnB 68.2% 4310 23% 4310 93% 4310 22.7% Zerol 150 48% Zerol 150 1% Zerol 150 2 16.7% TPnB 27 44 33% TPnB 14% TPnB 62.5% 4310 25% 4310 84% 4310 20.8% Zerol 150 42% Zerol 150 2% Zerol 150 3 23.1% TPnB 30 48 32% TPnB 19% TPnB 57.7% 4310 33% 4310 77% 4310 19.2% Zerol 150 35% Zerol 150 4% Zerol 150 4 28.6% TPnB — — one layer one layer 53.6% 4310 17.8% Zerol 150

Example 14

[0112] Grams of Total Bottom PnP added Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 34 — — 25.0% Zerol 150 1 9.1% PnP 21 41 17% PnP 9% PnP 68.2% 4310 15% 4310 89% 4310 22.7% Zerol 150 68% Zerol 150 2% Zerol 150 2 16.7% PnP 23 48 27% PnP 18% PnP 62.5% 4310 22% 4310 74% 4310 20.8% Zerol 150 51% Zerol 150 8% Zerol 150 3 23.1% PnP 20 59 29% PnP 26% PnP 57.7% 4310 25% 4310 68% 4310 19.2% Zerol 150 46% Zerol 150 6% Zerol 150 4 28.6% PnP — — one layer one layer 53.6% 4310 17.8% Zerol 150

Example 15

[0113] Grams of Total Bottom DPnP added Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 34 — — 25.0% Zerol 150 1 9.1% DPnP 22 41 8% DPnP 8% DPnP 68.2% 4310 7% 4310 87% 4310 22.7% Zerol 150 85% Zerol 150 5% Zerol 150 2 16.7% DPnP 23 47 16% DPnP 17% DPnP 62.5% 4310 12% 4310 76% 4310 20.8% Zerol 150 72% Zerol 150 7% Zerol 150 3 23.1% DPnP 22 56 27% DPnP 24% DPnP 57.7% 4310 19% 4310 67% 4310 19.2% Zerol 150 54% Zerol 150 9% Zerol150 4 28.6% DPnP — — one layer one layer 53.6% 4310 17.8% Zerol 150

Example 16

[0114] Grams of Total Bottom DMM added Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 34 — — 25.0% Zerol 150 1 9.1% DMM 22 40 8% DMM 9% DMM 68.2% 4310 11% 4310 90% 4310 22.7% Zerol 150 81% Zerol 150 1% Zerol 150 2 16.7% DMM 23 47 16% DMM 16% DMM 62.5% 4310 14% 4310 82% 4310 20.8% Zerol 150 70% Zerol 150 2% Zerol 150 3 23.1% DMM 22 55 24% DMM 21% DMM 57.7% 4310 21% 4310 72% 4310 19.2% Zerol 150 55% Zerol 150 7% Zerol 150 4 28.6% DMM  4 81 33% DMM 29% DMM 53.6% 4310 37% 4310 55% 4310 17.8% Zerol 150 30% Zerol 150 16% Zerol 150 5 33.3% DMM — — one layer one layer 50.0% 4310 16.7% Zerol 150

Example 17

[0115] In this example, DIP = equal parts by weight of PnB, DPnB and Isopar H. Total Bottom Grams of DIP Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer added to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 34 — — 25.0% Zerol 150 1 3.0% PnB 26 37 6% PnB 3% PnB 3.0% 16% 1% Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H 3% DPnB 3.0% DPnB 6% DPnB 91% 4310 68.2% 4310 17% 4310 2% Zerol 150 22.7% Zerol 150 55% Zerol 150 2 5.6% PnB 30 41 11% PnB 5% PnB 5.6% 24% 2% Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H 5% DPnB 5.6% DPnB 11% DPnB 86% 4310 62.5% 4310 29% 4310 2% Zerol 150 20.8% Zerol 150 25% Zerol 150 3 7.7% PnB 36 43 11% PnB 7% PnB 7.7% 19% 4% Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H 8% DPnB 7.7% DPnB 11% DPnB 77% 4310 57.7% 4310 29% 4310 4% Zerol 150 19.2% Zerol 150 30% Zerol 150 4 9.5% PnB 44 44 10% PnB 9% PnB 9.5% 14% 7% Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H 10% DPnB 9.5% DPnB 11% DPnB 64% 4310 53.6% 4310 30% 4310 10% Zerol 150 17.8% Zerol 150 35% Zerol 150 5 11.1% PnB — — one layer one layer 11.1% Isopar(R)H 11.1% DPnB 50.0% 4310 16.7% Zerol 150

Example 18

[0116] In this example, 2-heptanone is referred to as “A”. Total Bottom Grams of A Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer added to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 19 34 25.0% 3GS 1 9.1% A 20 42 3.2% A 9.8% A 68.2% 4310 3.2% 4310 86.4% 4310 22.7% 3GS 92.9% 3GS 3.8% 3GS 2 16.7% A 19 52 7.6% A 16.9% A 62.5% 4310 6.7% 4310 77.7% 4310 20.8% 3GS 85.7% 3GS 5.4% 3GS 3 23.1% A 15 64 10.8% A 23.2% A 57.7% 4310 10.6% 4310 63.7% 4310 19.2% 3GS 78.6% 3GS 13.1% 3GS 4 28.6% A one layer one layer 53.6% 4310 17.8% 3GS

Example 19

[0117] In this example, 5-methyl-2-hexanone is referred to as “A”. Grams of A added to Total Composition Heights of both Composition-top Composition - Tube in Tube layer layer bottom layer 0 75% 4310 Top - 19 mm — — 25% 3GS Bottom - 34 mm 1 9.1% A Top - 21 mm, clear 3.0% A 10.3% A 68.2% 4310 Bottom - 42 mm, 3.4% 4310 87.9% 4310 22.7% 3GS clear 93.6% 3GS 1.8% 3GS 2 16.7% A Top - 19 mm, clear 8.9% A 18.2% A 62.5% 4310 Bottom - 51 mm, 6.9% 4310 78.6% 4310 20.8% 3GS clear 84.2% 3GS 3.2% 3GS 3 23.1% A Top - 16 mm, clear 10.8% A 23.7% A 57.7% 4310 Bottom - 62 mm, 7.9% 4310 62.9% 4310 19.2% 3GS clear 81.3% 3GS 13.4% 3GS 4 28.6% A Top - 10 mm, clear 13.6% A 25.8% A 53.6% 4310 Bottom - 78 mm, 9.9% 4310 59.2% 4310 17.8% 3GS clear 76.5% 3GS 15.0% 3GS 4.5 31.0% A Top - 3 mm, clear 27.0% A 29.8% A 51.7% 4310 Bottom - 90 mm, 14.1% 4310 50.0% 4310 17.3% 3GS clear 58.9% 3GS 20.2% 3GS 5 33.3% A Clear one layer - — — 50.0% 4310 97 mm 16.7% 3GS

Example 20

[0118] Grams of Total Bottom Isopar H added Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 19 34 — — 25.0% 3GS 1 9.1% 29 34 31.4% 5.4% Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H 68.2% 4310 0.4% 4310 93.9% 4310 22.7% 3GS 68.2% 3GS 0.7% 3GS 2 16.7% 37 34 45.7% 8.2% Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H 62.5% 4310 1.0% 4310 90.7% 4310 20.8% 3GS 53.3% 3GS 1.0% 3GS 3 23.1% 46 34 56.8% 9.5% Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H 57.7% 4310 1.9% 4310 89.6% 4310 19.2% 3GS 41.3% 3GS 0.9% 3GS 4 28.6% 57 33 62.9% 10.5% Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H 53.6% 4310 2.9% 4310 88.6% 4310 17.8% 3GS 34.2% 3GS 0.9% 3GS 5 33.3% 66 33 69.0% 11.6% Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H Isopar(R)H 50.0% 4310 3.3% 4310 87.7% 4310 16.7% 3GS 27.7% 3GS 0.7% 3GS 10  Never Reached — — — — one phase

Example 21

[0119] In this example, PDD = equal parts by weight of PnB, DMM and DPnB. Total Bottom Grams of PDD Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer added to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 34 — — 25.0% Zerol 150 1 3.0% PnB 23 39 5% PnB 3% PnB 3.0% DMM 4% DMM 3% DMM 3.0% DPnB 5% DPnB 3% DPnB 68.2% 4310 14% 4310 87% 4310 22.7% Zerol 150 72% Zerol 150 4% Zerol 150 2 5.6% PnB 24 46 6% PnB 6% PnB 5.6% DMM 5% DMM 6% DMM 5.6% DPnB 6% DPnB 6% DPnB 62.5% 4310 15% 4310 76% 4310 20.8% Zerol 150 68% Zerol 150 6% Zerol 150 3 7.7% PnB 23 55 11% PnB 8% PnB 7.7% DMM 10% DMM 9% DMM 7.7% DPnB 11% DPnB 8% DPnB 57.7% 4310 24% 4310 63% 4310 19.2% Zerol 150 44% Zerol 150 12% Zerol 150 4 11.1% PnB — — one layer one layer 11.1% DMM 11.1% DPnB 50.0% 4310 16.7% Zerol 150

Example 22

[0120] In this example, DDN = equal parts by weight of DPnB, DMM and Naptha 140 (“N140”). Total Bottom Grams of DDN Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer added to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 34 — — 25.0% Zerol 150 1 3.0% DPnB 25 38 3% DPnB 3% DPnB 3.0% DMM 3% DMM 3% DMM 3.0% N140 9% N140 <1% N140 68.2% 4310 8% 4310 93% 4310 22.7% Zerol 150 77% Zerol 150 1% Zerol 150 2 5.6% DPnB 29 42 7% DPnB 5% DPnB 5.6% DMM 6% DMM 5% DMM 5.6% N140 16% N140 1% N140 62.5% 4310 12% 4310 87% 4310 20.8% Zerol 150 59% Zerol 150 2% Zerol 150 3 7.7% DPnB 34 45 9% DPnB 7% DPnB 7.7% DMM 8% DMM 8% DMM 7.7% N140 19% N140 3% N140 57.7% 4310 17% 4310 80% 4310 19.2% Zerol 150 47% Zerol 150 2% Zerol 150 4 9.5% DPnB 39 48 10% DPnB 9% DPnB 9.5% DMM 9% DMM 10% DMM 9.5% N140 18% N140 5% N140 53.6% 4310 23% 4310 70% 4310 17.8% Zerol 150 40% Zerol 150 6% Zerol 150 5 11.1% DPnB 43 52 11% DPnB 11% DPnB 11.1% DMM 11% DMM 11% DMM 11.1% N140 15% N140 9% N140 50.0% 4310 39% 4310 58% 4310 16.7% Zerol 150 24% Zerol 150 11% Zerol 150 6 12.5% DPnB — — One Layer One Layer 12.5% DMM 12.5% N140 46.9% 4310 15.6% Zerol 150

Example 23

[0121] In this example, DDA = equal parts by weight of DPnB, DMM and Aromatic 150 (“A150”). Total Bottom Grams of DDA Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer added to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 34 — — 25.0% Zerol 150 1 3.0% DPnB 24 38 5% DPnB 2% DPnB 3.0% DMM 4% DMM 5% DMM 3.0% A150 13% A150 1% A150 68.2% 4310 18% 4310 93% 4310 22.7% Zerol 150 60% Zerol 150 2% Zerol 150 2 5.6% DPnB 28 42 6% DPnB 5% DPnB 5.6% DMM 5% DMM 5% DMM 5.6% A150 12% A150 2% A150 62.5% 4310 17% 4310 86% 4310 20.8% Zerol 150 60% Zerol 150 2% Zerol 150 3 7.7% DPnB 32 46 11% DPnB 7% DPnB 7.7% DMM 10% DMM 8% DMM 7.7% A150 20% A150 4% A150 57.7% 4310 36% 4310 77% 4310 19.2% Zerol 150 23% Zerol 150 4% Zerol 150 4 9.5% DPnB 35 51 12% DPnB 9% DPnB 9.5% DMM 12% DMM 9% DMM 9.5% A150 18% A150 7% A150 53.6% 4310 40% 4310 68% 4310 17.8% Zerol 150 18% Zerol 150 7% Zerol 150 5 11.1% DPnB — — One Layer One Layer 11.1% DMM 11.1% A150 50.0% 4310 16.7% Zerol 150

Example 24

[0122] In this example, PD = 2 parts by wt of PnB, 1 part DPnB. Total Bottom Grams of PD Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer added to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 34 — — 25.0% Zerol 150 1 9.1% PD 23 39 8% PnB 5% PnB 68.2% 4310 4% DPnB 2% DPnB 22.7% Zerol 150 12% 4310 91% 4310 76% Zerol 150 2% Zerol 150 2 16.7% PD 25 44 14% PnB 10% PnB 62.5% 4310 7% DPnB 5% DPnB 20.8% Zerol 150 20% 4310 82% 4310 59% Zerol 150 3% Zerol 150 3 23.1% PD 26 52 24% PnB 15% PnB 57.7% 4310 11% DPnB 7% DPnB 19.2% Zerol 150 43% 4310 70% 4310 22% Zerol 150 8% Zerol 150 4 28.6% PD — — one layer one layer 50.0% 4310 16.7% Zerol 150

Example 25

[0123] In this example, PD = 2 parts by wt of PnB, 1 part DPnB. Total Bottom Grams of PD Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer added to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 34 — — 25.0% 3GS 1 9.1% PD 21 41 7% PnB 5% PnB 68.2% 4310 4% DPnB 2% DPnB 22.7% 3GS 10% 4310 91% 4310 79% 3GS 2% 3GS 2 16.7% PD 21 48 16% PnB 11% PnB 62.5% 4310 8% DPnB 5% DPnB 20.8% 3GS 18% 4310 81% 4310 58% 3GS 3% 3GS 3 23.1% PD 20 57 17% PnB 15% PnB 57.7% 4310 9% DPnB 8% DPnB 19.2% 3GS 18% 4310 71% 4310 56% 3GS 6% 3GS 4 28.6% PD 16 69 18% PnB 17% PnB 50.0% 4310 9% DPnB 9% DPnB 16.7% 3GS 19% 4310 65% 4310 54% 3GS 9% 3GS 5 33.3% PD — — one layer one layer 50.0% 4310 16.7% 3GS

Example 26

[0124] In this example, PD = 2 parts by wt of PnB, 1 part DPnB. Total Bottom Grams of PD Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer added to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 34 — — 25.0% HAB22 1 9.1% PD 23 39 7% PnB 5% PnB 68.2% 4310 4% DPnB 2% DPnB 22.7% HAB22 14% 4310 91% 4310 75% HAB22 2% HAB22 2 16.7% PD 25 45 15% PnB 11% PnB 62.5% 4310 7% DPnB 5% DPnB 20.8% HAB22 28% 4310 78% 4310 50% HAB22 6% HAB22 3 23.1% PD — — One Layer One Layer 57.7% 4310 19.2% HAB22

Example 27

[0125] Grams of Total Bottom DMPD added Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 35 — — 25.0% Zerol 150 1 9.1% 1,5-DMPD 20 42 3% 1,5-DMPD 9% 1,5-DMPD 68.2% 4310 13% 4310 89% 4310 22.7% Zerol 150 84% Zerol 150 2% Zerol 150 2 16.7% 1,5- 18 52 9% 1,5-DMPD 18% 1,5- DMPD 18% 4310 DMPD 62.5% 4310 73% Zerol 150 77% 4310 20.8% Zerol 150 5% Zerol 150 3 23.1% 1,5-  8 68 14% 1,5- 24% 1,5- DMPD DMPD DMPD 57.7% 4310 25% 4310 63% 4310 19.2% Zerol 150 61% Zerol 150 13% Zerol 150 4 28.6% 1,5- — — One Layer One Layer DMPD 50.0% 4310 16.7% Zerol 150

Example 28

[0126] Total Bottom Grams of OP Composition in Top Layer Layer Top Layer Bottom Layer added to Tube Tube Height, mm Height, mm wt % Wt % 0 75.0% 4310 21 34 — — 25.0% Zerol 150 1 9.1% OP 22 40 7.8% OP 6.4% OP 68.2% 4310 16.3% 4310 91.5% 4310 22.7% Zerol 75.9% Zerol 2.1% Zerol 150 150 150 2 16.7% OP 19 51 14.7% OP 13.4% OP 62.5% 4310 32.6% 4310 79.3% 4310 20.8% Zerol 52.7% Zerol 7.3% Zerol 150 150 150 3 23.1% OP — — One Layer One Layer 57.7% 4310 19.2% Zerol 150

[0127] Results show compatibilizers of the present invention improve the solubility between hydrofluorocarbons and conventional lubricants by drawing significant amounts of refrigerant (4310) into the lubricant phase (top layer), and lubricant (3GS or Zerol 150) into the refrigerant phase (bottom layer). The compatibilizers improve solubility significantly better than Isopar® H alone, which never reached one phase. The combination of PnB, DPnB and Isopar H surprisingly draws more 4310 into the lubricant phase (17%) than either PnB, DPnB or Isopar H alone (15%, 13% and 0.4%) respectively after one gram is added. A most preferred compatibilizer by this method is 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one, which required only 3 grams to reach one layer with Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant.

[0128] Hexylene glycol was also tested as comparative data with HFC-4310mee and Zerol 150 but the solution remained two layers even after 10 grams of hexylene glycol was added.

Example 29

[0129] Lubricant return was tested in an lubricant-return apparatus as follows. Liquid refrigerant was fed from a pressurized cylinder through copper tubing to a heater where it was vaporized. The refrigerant vapor then passed through a pressure regulator and metering valve to control flow at a constant rate of 1,100 cc per minute and 101 kPa (1 atmosphere) pressure. The refrigerant vapor was fed to another copper tube 180 cm in length and 0.635 cm outer diameter formed into a U-shape and placed in a constant temperature bath. The U-shaped tube (U-tube) began with a straight vertical section 37 cm long then bent to a horizontal section 27 cm long at the bottom of the bath. The tube then rose vertically in a zigzag pattern with four 23 cm lengths, followed by another vertical straight section 23 cm long. The U-tube was filled with 10 grams of lubricant, optionally containing compatibilizer, which was added to the U-tube through the 37 cm vertical tube. Vapor refrigerant passed slowly through the lubricant in the U-tube. Refrigerant and lubricant exiting the U-tube was collected in a receiver and then the refrigerant allowed to evaporate from the lubricant. Lubricant was then weighed to determine how much lubricant was carried out of the U-tube by the refrigerant.

[0130] Refrigerant R407C was placed in the refrigerant cylinder. Suniso 3GS mineral oil, or Suniso 3GS oil and compatibilizers of the present invention were placed in the copper U-tube, wherein the combined lubricant and compatibilizer equaled 10 grams. The constant temperature bath was held at a temperature of −20° C. Refrigerant R407C vapor was fed through the U-tube at a flow rate of 1,100 cubic centimeters per minute and weight of lubricant in the receiver measured at 6, 10, and 20 minute time intervals. Data are shown below.

Example 29

[0131] Lubricant Composition in U- Wt % Lubricant Returned tube 6 Min 10 Min 20 Min 6% 5-methyl-2-hexanone in 11.3 18.1 26.2 3GS 6% 2-Heptanone in 3GS 12.7 20.0 28.1 Comparative Data POE 22 9.3 20.0 29.6 3GS 0 0 0 6% Isopar(R)H in 3GS 0 7.9 17.0

[0132] Results show the addition of 2-heptanone and 5-methyl-2-hexanone ketone compatibilizers to 3GS mineral oil shows significant improvement in lubricant return versus neat 3GS or Isopar H in 3GS.

Example 30

[0133] The apparatus and procedure of Example 29 was used to test refrigerant HFC-134a with Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant, with and without compatibilizers. Results are shown below:

Example 30

[0134] Lubricant Composition in U- Wt % Lubricant Returned tube 6 Min 10 Min 20 Min 10% PnB/5% DPnB in Zerol 15 24 34 150 10% PnB/5% DPnB/2% Syn- 17 25 36 0-Ad 8478*** in Zerol 150 10% PnB/5% DPnB/0.5% 16 25 36 BHT in Zerol 150 10% PnB/5%DPnB/1.5% n- 23 29 36 pentane in Zerol 150 10%PnB/5% DPnB/1.5% n- 21 30 39 octane in Zerol 150 10% PnB/5% DPnB/15% 15 27 38 PVE 32 in Zerol 150 Comparative Data POE 22 16 27 36 Zerol 150 0 0 3 15% Ucon LB-65* in Zerol 0 4 19 150 15% Ucon 50-HB-100** in 0 0 7 Zerol 150

[0135] Results show addition of polyoxyalkylene glycol ether compatibilizers, optionally with additional additives such as antiwear agents or hydrocarbons, significantly improve lubricant return of alkylbenzene lubricant and provide performance equivalent to POE 22 polyol ester lubricant. The comparative data shows higher molecular weight polyoxypropylene lubricants do not provide acceptable lubricant return.

Example 31

[0136] The apparatus and procedure of Example 29 was used to test refrigerant R404A with Zerol 150 alkyl benzene lubricant, with and without compatibilizers versus POE22 polyol ester lubricant. Results are shown below.

Example 31

[0137] Wt % Lubricant Wt % Lubricant Wt % Lubricant Returned 10 Returned 20 Lubricant Composition in U-tube Returned 6 Min Min Min 35% 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one in Zerol 150 26 36 45 12% DMM in Zerol 150 18 26 35 6% DMM/12% 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one/2% 13 23 34 Synergol in Zerol 150 20% 1,1-dibutyl formamide in Zerol 150 10 18 29 20% 1-methyl caprolactam in Zerol 150 12 24 36 17% 1,3-dimethyoxybenzene in Zerol 150 17 24 35 Comparative Data POE 22 0 5 17 Zerol 150 0 0 <1

[0138] Results show addition of compatibilizers of the present invention to Zerol 150 provide significantly improved lubricant return versus polyol ester lubricant POE 22 polyol ester lubricant.

Example 32

[0139] The apparatus and procedure of Example 29 was used to test refrigerant HFC-134a with Zerol 150 alkyl benzene lubricant, with and without compatibilizers versus POE 22 polyol ester lubricant. Results are shown below.

Example 32

[0140] Wt % Lubricant Wt % Lubricant Wt % Lubricant Returned 10 Returned 20 Lubricant Composition in U-tube Returned 6 Min Min Min 15% Cycloheptanone/1% Orange* in Zerol 27 35 42 150 15% 2-Nonanone/1% Orange* in Zerol 150 33 40 46 15% Diisobutyl ketone/1% Cinnamon* in 31 37 43 Zerol 150 20% DMPD in Zerol 150 32 38 44 20% Propylene glycol tert-butyl ether in 25 32 38 Zerol 150 15% cyanoheptane in Zerol 150 32 39 47 Comparative Data POE 22 19 29 37 Zerol 150 0 0 7

[0141] Results show addition of compatibilizers of the present invention to Zerol 150 provide lubricant return comparable to POE 22 polyol ester lubricant.

Example 33

[0142] The apparatus and procedure of Example 29 was used to test refrigerant R401A with Suniso 3GS mineral oil lubricant, with and without compatibilizers versus neat Zerol 150. Results are shown below.

Example 33

[0143] Wt % Lubricant Wt % Lubricant Wt % Lubricant Returned 10 Returned 20 Lubricant Composition in U-tube Returned 6 Min Min Min 10% Chlorooctane in 3GS 25 36 46 15% Chlorooctane in 3GS 35 43 50 Comparative Data Zerol 150 0 12 38 3GS 0 0 5

[0144] Results show the addition of compatibilizers of the present invention to Suniso 3GS provide improved lubricant return versus Zerol 150.

Example 34

[0145] The apparatus and procedure of Example 29 was used to test refrigerant R410A with Zerol 150 alkyl benzene lubricant, with and without compatibilizers versus POE 22 polyol ester lubricant. Results are shown below.

Example 34

[0146] Wt % Lubricant Wt % Lubricant Wt % Lubricant Returned 10 Returned 20 Lubricant Composition in U-tube Returned 6 Min Min Min 15% PnB in Zerol 150 15  26 33 15% DPnB in Zerol 150 9 17 26 15% TPnB in Zerol 150 0 10 19 15% PnP in Zerol 150 15  22 32 5% PnB/5% DPnB/5% Isopar H in 12  19 29 Zerol 150 5% PnB/5% DPnB/5% Aromatic 150 in 15  23 33 Zerol 150 Comparative Data POE 22 0 11 22 Zerol 150 0  0  1 15% Propylene Glycol in Zerol 150 * * * 15% Dipropylene glycol in Zerol 150 * * * 15% Ucon 50-HB100** in Zerol 150 0  0  6

[0147] Results show use of compatibilizers of the present invention in Zerol 150 provide comparable to improved lubricant return versus POE 22 polyol ester lubricant.

Examples 35-36

[0148] Tests were conducted to determine if refrigerant R410A could be used in an HCFC-22 Carrier heat pump (Model Tech 2000), using Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant and compatibilizers of the present invention. The heat pump was outfitted with an R410A Copeland scroll compressor (ZP32K3E R-410) equipped with a sight glass and level tube in the lubricant sump. The fan-coil unit was installed in the indoor room of an environmental chamber and the outdoor unit was installed in the outdoor room. The two units were connected by 1.59 cm (⅝-inch) outer diameter copper tubing in the suction line and by 1.27 cm (½-inch) outer diameter copper tubing in the liquid line. The system was charged with 3,180 grams of refrigerant and 1,110 grams of lubricant containing compatibilizer. Refrigerant R410A with polyol ester lubricant was used as a baseline for comparison. Tests were conducted at ASHRAE cooling and low temperature heating conditions. For cooling the indoor room was controlled at 26.7° C. (80° F.) and 50% relative humidity, the outdoor room at 27.8° C. (82° F.) and 40% relative humidity. For low temperature heating, the indoor room was controlled at 21.1° C. (70° F.) and 57% relative humidity, the outdoor room at —8.3° C. (17° F.) and 60% relative humidity. The system was thoroughly flushed between runs to remove residual lubricant. Results from refrigerant side measurements are shown below.

Example 35 Cooling Test

[0149] Vol % Lubricant Capacity Lost From kB.t.u./hr Lubricant Composition Sump (cm) (kW) EER 15% PnB in Zerol 150 15% 2.91 (0.852) 11.29 20% PnB in Zerol 200TD 14% 2.90 (0.849) 11.30 20% DPnB in Zerol 150 20% 2.90 (0.849) 11.28 10% PnB/5% DPnB in Zerol 18% 2.93 (0.858) 11.61 150 10% PnB/5% DPnB in HAB22 18% 3.00 (0.878) 11.50 10% PnB/5% DPnB in 3GS 26% 2.92 (0.855) 11.08 18% PnB/10% DPnB in 4GS 23% 2.88 (0.843) 11.03 10% PnB/5% DPnB/15% 26% 2.92 (0.855) 11.14 HAB22 in 3GS 5%PnB/5% DPnB/5% Isopar 18% 2.94 (0.861) 11.48 H in Zerol 150 3% PnB/8% DPnB/4% 23% 2.95 (0.864) 11.25 Aromatic 150 in Zerol 150 4% PnB/7% DPnB/4% DMM 20% 2.97 (0.870) 11.32 in Zerol 150 10% PnB/5% DPnB/1.5% 20% 3.10 (0.908) 11.70 Pentane in Zerol 150 10% PnB/5% DPnB/15% PVE 22% 3.00 (0.878) 11.67 32 in Zerol 150 10% PnB/5% DPnB/15% PVE 20% 2.95 (0.864) 11.40 32 in 3GS 7% PnB/7% DPnB/7% TPnB 26% 2.92 (0.855) 11.18 in 3GS 15% BnB in 3GS 33% 2.91 (0.852) 11.17 20% PTB in 3GS 27% 2.92 (0.855) 11.28 10% PnB/5% DPnB/2.5% 15% 2.96 (0.867) 11.41 BTPP in Zerol 150 Comparative Data POE 22 10% 2.98 (0.873) 11.70 POE 32 12% 2.97 (0.870) 11.48 Zerol 150 30% 2.86 (0.838) 10.97 Suniso 3GS 40% 2.86 (0.838) 10.82

Example 36 Low Temperature Heating Tests

[0150] Sump Lubricant Capacity Lubricant Composition Level (cm) kB.t.u/hr (kW) EER 10% PnB/5% DPnB in 4.6 20.2 (5.92) 8.38 Zerol 150 3% PnB/8% DPnB/4% 4.4 20.4 (5.97) 8.45 Aromatic 150 in Zerol 150 10% PnB/5% DPnB in 4.9 20.4 (5.97) 8.42 HAB22 10% PnB/5% DPnB/2% 5.7 20.1 (5.89) 8.37 BTPP in Zerol 150 15% PVE32/10% 4.6 19.9 (5.83) 8.30 PnB/5% DPnB in 3GS 5% PnB/5% DPnB/5% 4.7 20.2 (5.92) 8.35 Isopar H in Zerol 150 Comparative Data POE 22 5.5 20.0 (5.86) 8.35 Zerol 150 4.3 19.3 (5.65) 8.00

[0151] Results show significant increases in lubricant return, energy efficiency and capacity when compatibilizers are added to Zerol 150, Suniso 3GS or 4GS and several cases with performance equivalent to or superior than polyol esters. There is also significant EER improvement during heating.

Example 37

[0152] The apparatus and procedure of Example 32 was used to test R410A refrigerant with compatibilizers of the present invention. Results for cooling are in the table below.

Example 37

[0153] Sump Capacity Lubricant kB.t.u./hr Lubricant Composition Level (cm) (kW) EER 10% PnB/5% DPnB in Zerol 5.00 3.01 (0.882) 11.71 150 10% PnB/5% DPnB/1.5% 4.95 3.04 (0.890) 11.98 Pentane in Zerol 150 Comparative Data POE 22 5.72 3.09 (0.905) 12.04 1.5% Pentane in Zerol 150 4.40 2.93 (0.858) 11.23

[0154] The data show that using only pentane provides inadequate lubricant return, capacity and energy efficiency. PnB/DPnB as compatibilizer provides increased performance and a combination PnB/DPnB/pentane as compatibilizer provides the best overall performance, including comparable EER with polyol ester lubricant POE22.

Example 38

[0155] The apparatus and procedure of Example 32 was used to test R410A refrigerant with compatibilizers of the present invention. In this test, however, the HCFC-22 evaporator was replaced with and R410A evaporator. Results for cooling are below.

Example 38

[0156] Sump Lubricant Capacity Level kB.t.u./hr Lubricant Composition (cm) (kW) EER 10% 2-heptanone/1% orange* in 5.33 3.17 (0.928) 11.87 Zerol 150 15% 2-nonanone/1% cinnamon* in 5.60 3.15 (0.923) 11.89 Zerol 150 20% DMPD in Zerol 150 5.70 3.15 (0.923) 11.92 10% PnB/10% DMPD in Zerol 5.50 3.16 (0.925) 11.94 150 20% 1,5-DMPD in Zerol 150 5.90 3.14 (0.920) 11.97 Comparative Data POE 22 6.80 3.35 (0.981) 12.55 Zerol 150 4.27 3.07 (0.899) 11.30

[0157] The data shows a significant improvement in capacity, energy efficiency and lubricant return using compatibilizers versus neat Zerol 150, even though the system had an HCFC-22 condenser and an R410A evaporator.

Example 39

[0158] Tests were conducted to determine if R410A refrigerant could be used in an R410A heat pump using Zerol 150 alkylbenzene lubricant and compatibilizers. The heat pump was outfitted a sight glass and level tube in the lubricant sump. The fan-coil unit was installed in the indoor room of an environmental chamber and the outdoor unit was installed in the outdoor room. The two units were connected by 1.59 cm (⅝-inch) outer diameter copper tubing in the suction line and by 1.27 cm (½-inch) outer diameter copper tubing in the liquid line. The system was charged with 3,860 grams of refrigerant and 1270 ml of lubricant containing compatibilizers of the present invention. Refrigerant R410A with POE 22 polyol ester lubricant was used as a baseline for comparison. Tests were conducted at ASHRAE cooling conditions. For cooling the indoor room was controlled at 26.7° C. (80° F.) and 50% relative humidity, the outdoor room at 27.8° C. (82° F.) and 40% relative humidity. The system was thoroughly flushed between runs to remove residual lubricant. Results from refrigerant side measurements are shown below.

Example 39 Cooling Test

[0159] Vol % Lubricant Capacity Lost From kB.t.u./hr Lubricant Composition Sump (cm) (kW) EER 10% PnB/5% DPnB in Zerol 16% 3.04 (0.890) 12.59 150 10% PnB/5% DPnB/ in Zerol 17% 3.05 (0.893) 12.67 150 with R410A + 0.5% pentane 10% PnB/5% DPnB in Zerol 23% 3.03 (0.887) 13.06 150 with R410A + 0.5% 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane 10% PnB/5% DPnB in Zerol 19% 3.04 ( ) 13.11 150 with R410A + 0.5% 1,1- dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 12% DMM in Zerol 150 20% 3.04 (0.890) 12.88 11% Diisobutyl ketone/1% 21% 3.02 (0.884) 12.99 orange** in Zerol 150 11% 2-Nonanone/1% 20% 3.03 (0.887) 13.02 cinnamon** in Zerol 150 20% 1-octyl-pyrrolidin-2-one 18% 3.07 (0.899) 13.35 in Zerol 150 45% 1-octyl-pyrrolidin-2-one 13% 3.09 (0.905) 13.50 in Zerol 150 20% N-methylcaprolactam in 21% 3.11 (0.911) 13.56 Zerol 150 Comparative Data POE 22 10% 3.09 (0.905) 13.54 Zerol 150* 38% 2.96 (0.867) 12.43

[0160] Results show improved lubricant return, capacity and efficiency when compatibilizers of the present invention are added to Zerol 150. Use of 1-octyl pyrrolidin-2-one amide compatibilizer shows performance equivalent to the POE 22 polyol ester lubricant baseline. A retrofit simulation was also conducted wherein the R410A heat pump was charged and operated with POE 22 then drained and charged with 45% 1-octyl-2-pyrrolidin-2-one in Zerol 150 without intermediate flushing. System efficiency and capacity were within 2% of the original POE 22 baseline.

Example 40

[0161] Tests were conducted to determine if HFC-134a refrigerant could be used in a domestic refrigerator (Whirlpool 21 cubic foot) using conventional lubricants Zerol 150 or Suniso 3GS and compatibilizers of the present invention. The refrigerator was outfitted with pressure and temperature measuring devices as well as power measurement to the hermetic reciprocating compressor and two fans. The compressor was also fitted with a sight glass to monitor lubricant level during operation. The refrigerator was tested in a room controlled at 27.8° C. and 40% relative humidity. The refrigerator was turned on and allowed to cool until the refrigerated compartment reached 3.3° C. The energy efficiency (COP) and capacity were then calculated using a thermodynamic model based on temperature, pressure and power inputs. The system was thoroughly flushed between runs to remove residual lubricant. In all tests, lubricant level was adequate indicating no lubricant return problems.

Example 40

[0162] Lubricant Capacity % Change in % Change in Composition (Watts) Capacity vs POE COP COP vs POE 10% PnB/5% DPnB 145 +1.4% 1.31 +8.3% in Zerol 150 12% DMM in 3GS 143 — 1.33 +9.9% 12% DMM in Zerol 145 +1.4% 1.34 +10.7%  150 6% DMM in Zerol 148 +3.5% 1.30 +7.4% 100 20% OP in Zerol 145 +1.4% 1.30 +7.4% 100 45% OP in Zerol 146 +2.1% 1.32 +9.1% 300 Comparative Data POE 22 143 — 1.21 — Zerol 150 * * * * Zerol 75 146 +2.1% 1.25 +3.3%

[0163] Results show a significant improvement in energy efficiency when compatibilizers of the present invention are used with conventional lubricants. Improvement is also shown when compared with using a low viscosity alkyl benzene lubricant (Zerol 75) alone. Capacities also showed improvement versus POE 22 polyol ester lubricant.

Example 41

[0164] Compatibilizers of the present invention were mixed with Zerol 150 and placed in shallow dishes in a 50% constant humidity chamber. Periodic samples of the compositions were taken and analyzed by Karl Fischer titration for water. Results are shown in ppm water versus polyol ester, polyvinyl ether and polyalkylene glycol lubricants.

Example 41

[0165] Samples Hours 0 2 3.5 5.5 21 26 45 50 69 74 15% DIP in Zerol 150 77 108 124 154 318 351 402 392 401 375 10% PnB 5% DPnB in 112 137 209 242 506 533 538 661 756 708 Zerol 150 tc,1 Comparative Data VE32 185 398 505 785 1784 1917 2511 2451 2791 2630 Zerol 150 43 47 36 41 37 33 30 29 39 34 Ucon488 1175 1517 3123 4158 12114 12721 16741 18592 20133 19997 POE 22 153 165 173 181 693 733 1022 1096 1199 1165

[0166] Results show compatibilizer/lubricant compositions of the present invention absorb less water than polyol ester and significantly less water than polyvinyl ether and polyalkylene glycol lubricants. Since compatibilizer/lubricant compositions of the present invention do absorb some water, they also have lower risk of having free (immisicible) water available than Zerol 150. Free water can freeze in expansion devices and cause compressor failure.

Example 42

[0167] Compositions of the present invention were tested for thermal stability. Stainless steel, aluminum and copper coupons were placed in sealed glass tubes containing R410A refrigerant, Zerol 150 lubricant and compatibilizers of the present invention. In four cases, 1,000 ppm water was added. Tubes were held for 14 days at 175° C. Results are shown in the table below.

Example 42

[0168] After 14 R410A/Zerol R410A/Zerol 150 R407C/Zerol R410A/Zerol Comparative days at 150 + 15% +5% DMM/5% 100 + 20% 1- 150 + 10% Data: 175° C. PnB DPnB/5% 140 octylpyrrolidin- PnB/5% DPnB + R410A/POE Naptha + 1000 2-one + 1000 1000 ppm 22 + 1000 ppm ppm H₂O ppm H₂O H₂O H₂O Copper No observable No observable No observable No observable Corrosion and Appearance changes changes changes changes discoloration observed Aluminum No observable No observable No observable No observable No observable Appearance changes changes changes changes changes Steel No observable No observable No observable No observable No observable Appearance changes changes changes changes changes Acidity as <1 <1 <1 29 577 HCl in ppm R410A wt % 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.8

[0169] Results show compositions of the present invention are thermally stable even in the presence of 1,000 ppm water, indicating no acid formation. Polyol ester lubricant in the presence of water caused corrosion of copper due to hydrolysis and acid formation.

Example 43

[0170] Volume resistivity was measured by ASTM D-1169 method using a Balsbaugh liquid test cell connected to a Keithley model 617 electrometer. A Keithley model 247 high voltage power supply was used as the excitation source. Capacitance used for calculating both resistivity and dielectric constant was measured with a GenRad model 1189 capacitance bridge. Results are shown below.

Example 43

[0171] Volume Resistivity Composition (Ohm × cm) Dielectric Constant Zerol 150/PnB/DPnB 9.12 × 10¹² 2.73 (85/10/5 wt %) Zerol 150/PnB/DPnB/Isopar 1.73 × 10¹³ 2.62 H (85/5/5/5 wt %) Comparative Data POE 22 5.50 × 10¹¹ 3.54

[0172] Results show compositions of the present invention have improved electrical properties versus POE 22 polyol ester lubricant. They show an increase in volume resistivity and a decrease in dielectric constant that improves electrical insulating properties and protects compressor electrical motor winding materials.

Example 44

[0173] Solubility and viscosity measurements were made for compositions of the present invention in Zerol 150 with R410A refrigerant. The data were used to determine the amount of refrigerant dissolved in lubricant under evaporator conditions at 10° C., 1 MPa and subsequent viscosity reduction. Data were compared with R410A/POE 22 and R410A/Zerol 150. The viscosity and percent refrigerant dissolved in lubricant at compression conditions was also determined, 80° C., 2.5 MPa. Results are shown below.

Example 44

[0174] % Refrigerant % Refrigerant Dissolved in Viscosity Dissolved in Viscosity Lubricant at (cPoise) at Lubricant at (cPoise) at Evaporator Evaporator at Compression Compressor at Composition Conditions 10° C. Conditions 80° C. R410A/10% PnB + 18 8 11 2.5 5% DPnB in Zerol 150 Comparative Data R410A/POE22 45 3 17 3.1 R410A/Zerol 150 10 38   7 3.2

[0175] Results show a significant increase in refrigerant solubility and subsequent viscosity reduction in the evaporator by a compatibilizer of the present invention when added to a conventional alkyl benzene lubricant. This viscosity reduction can result in improved lubricant return to the compressor. Because less refrigerant is dissolved in the lubricant than POE 22 at compression conditions, viscosity remains high enough to effectively lubricate the compressor.

Example 45

[0176] Dynamic viscosity measurements were made using a ViscoPro2000 viscometer of POE 22, Zerol 150 and Zerol 150 containing 10 wt % PnB and 5 wt % DPnB. Results are shown in FIG. 10. Results show 10% PnB and 5% DPnB increase the viscosity index of Zerol 150. This gives the desirable result of lower viscosity at low temperature without lowering viscosity at high temperature, a profile similar to POE 22. This enhances lubricant return from the evaporator while maintaining good viscosity in the compressor.

Example 46

[0177] A four ball wear test using ASTM D4172B was conducted using steel balls was conducted to assess the lubricating properties for compositions of the present invention. The test was run for 60 minutes using different combinations of compatibilizer in alkyl benzene lubricant and compared to lubricant without compatibilizer. Wear scar and average coefficient of friction were measured. Results are shown below. Average Coefficient of Wear Scar (mm) Friction 6% DMM in Zerol 100 0.85 0.108 20% 1-octyl pyrrolidin- 0.61 0.093 2-one in Zerol 100 35% 1-octyl pyrrolidin- 0.64 0.091 2-one in Zerol 150 12% DMM/2% 0.52 0.113 Synergol in Zerol 150 Comparative Data Zerol 150 0.88 0.110

[0178] Results show lubrication properties are similar or improved when compatibilizers of the present invention are added to conventional lubricants, as evidenced by reduced size of wear scar and similar lower coefficient of friction. Addition of antiwear additives such as Synergol further improves lubrication properties.

Example 47

[0179] Compressor durability tests were conducted with compositions of the present invention. A flooded start test was performed on scroll and rotary compressors. A flooded start test is a severe condition where the compressor sump is flooded with refrigerant on shutdown. During startup, presence of refrigerant can reduce lubricant viscosity resulting in inadequate compressor lubrication. This is particularly difficult with immiscible refrigerant/lubricant systems where two layers can form in the compressor sump with the refrigerant layer on the bottom, the point at which lubricant is normally drawn into the compressor bearings. The compressors were tested at −12.2° C. suction temperature and 37.8° C. discharge temperature. The compressors were cycled for three minutes on and fifteen mutes off for 1,000 cycles. After the tests the compressors were disassembled and inspected for wear. No significant wear was observed.

Example 47

[0180] Compressor Type Refrigerant Lubricant Significant Wear Rotary R407C 10% PnB/5% DPnB None in Zerol 150 Scroll R407C 10% PnB/5% DPnB None in Zerol 150 Comparative Data Rotary HCFC-22 Mineral Oil None Scroll HCFC-22 Mineral Oil None

Example 48

[0181] Compatibilizers of the present invention were tested for compatibility with polyester motor materials used in certain hermetic compressors. Strips of polyester film were placed in a sealed tube with HFC-134a refrigerant and different lubricant/compatibilizer combinations. The tubes were held at 150° C. for two weeks. The polyester strips were removed and bent ten times through an arc of 180° to evaluate for embrittlement. Strips in both the liquid and vapor phases were evaluated. Results are shown in the table below.

Example 48

[0182] # of Bends Before # of Bends Before Lubricant tested Breaking Liquid Breaking Vapor with HFC-134a Phase Phase 10% PnB/5% DPnB 1 1 in Zerol 150 12% DMM in Zerol >10 >10 150 20% 1-octyl >10 >10 pyrrolidin-2-one in Zerol 150 Comparative Data Zerol 150 7 9 POE 22 10 1

[0183] The data show DMM (CH₃O[CH₂CH(CH₃)O]₂CH₃) with no free hydroxyl groups has significantly improved polyester motor material compatibility versus PnB (C₄H₉OCH₂CH(CH₃)OH) and DPNB (C₄H₉O(CH₂CH(CH₃)O)₂H), both with terminal hydroxyl groups. The data also show alkyl pyrrolidones such as 1-octyl-2-pyrrolidone are compatible with polyester motor materials and preferred for use in certain hermetic compressors. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A lubricant composition for use in compression refrigeration and air conditioning, comprising: (a) at least one lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, napthenes, aromatics and poly-α-olefins; and (b) at least one compatibilizer selected from amides represented by the formulae R¹CONR²R³ and cyclo-[R⁴CON(R⁵)-], wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and at most one aromatic radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R⁴ is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 120 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about 20, wherein the weight ratio of said lubricant to said compatibilizer is from about 99:1 to about 1:1.
 2. A refrigerant composition for use in compression refrigeration and air conditioning, comprising: (a) at least one halogenated hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons; (b) at least one lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, napthenes, aromatics and poly-α-olefins; and (c) at least one compatibilizer selected from amides represented by the formulae R¹CONR²R³ and cyclo-[R⁴CON(R⁵)_], wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and at most one aromatic radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R⁴ is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 120 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about 20, wherein the weight ratio of said lubricant to said compatibilizer is from about 99:1 to about 1:1.
 3. A refrigerant composition for use in compression refrigeration and air conditioning apparatus containing paraffinic, napthenic, aromatic and/or poly-α-olefinic lubricant, said refrigerant composition comprising: (a) at least one halogenated hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons; and (b) at least one compatibilizer selected from amides represented by the formulae R¹CONR²R³ and cyclo-[R⁴CON(R⁵)-], wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and at most one aromatic radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R⁴ is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 120 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about 20
 4. A process for returning lubricant from a non-compressor zone to a compressor zone in a compression refrigeration system comprising: (a) contacting a lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and polyalphaolefins, in said non-compressor zone with a halogenated hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, in the presence of a compatibilizer to form a solution comprising said lubricant, said halogenated hydrocarbon, and said compatibilizer; and (b) transferring said solution from said non-compressor zone to said compressor zone of said refrigeration system; wherein said compatibilizer is selected from amides represented by the formulae R¹CONR²R³ and cyclo-[R⁴CON(R⁵)-], wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and at most one aromatic radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R⁴ is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 120 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about 20, wherein the weight ratio of said lubricant to said compatibilizer is from about 99:1 to about 1:1.
 5. A method of solubilizing a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, in a lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and polyalphaolefins, which comprises the steps of contacting said lubricant with said halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant in the presence of an effective amount of a compatibilizer and forming a solution of said lubricant and said halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant, wherein said compatibilizer is selected from amides represented by the formulae R¹CONR²R³ and cyclo-[R⁴CON(R⁵)-], wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and at most one aromatic radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R⁴ is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 120 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about 20, wherein the weight ratio of said lubricant to said compatibilizer is from about 99:1 to about 1:1.
 6. A method of lubricating a compressor in a compression refrigeration apparatus containing a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons, comprising the step of adding to said compressor a composition comprising: (a) at least one lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, and polyalphaolefins; and (b) at least one compatibilizer selected from amides represented by the formulae R¹CONR²R³ and cyclo-[R⁴CON(R⁵)-], wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and at most one aromatic radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R⁴ is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 120 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about 20, wherein the weight ratio of said lubricant to said compatibilizer is from about 99:1 to about 1:1.
 7. The composition of claims 1, 2 or 3, or the process of claim 4, or the method of claim 5 or 6, wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 160 to about 250 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about
 16. 8. The composition of claims 1, 2 or 3, or the process of claim 4, or the method of claims 5 or 6, wherein said amides are represented by the formula cyclo-[(CR⁶R⁷), CON(R⁵)-], wherein n is selected from integers from 3 to 5, R⁶ and R⁷ are hydrogen or contain a single saturated hydrocarbon radical among the n methylene units, and R⁵ is selected from saturated hydrocarbon radicals containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and at most one aromatic radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and where said amides have a molecular weight of from about 160 to about 250 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about
 16. 9. A method for delivering a compatibilizer to a compression refrigeration apparatus, comprising the step of adding the composition of claim 3 to said apparatus.
 10. The composition of claims 1, 2 or 3, or the process of claim 4, or the method of claim 5 or 6, optionally comprising an effective amount of a fragrance
 11. A refrigeration apparatus comprising I.) a compression refrigeration circuit comprising a compressor, an evaporator and a condenser, and II.) an insulating plenum containing a refrigeration chamber, said refrigeration chamber being in contact with said evaporator, and said refrigeration circuit containing a refrigeration composition comprising: (a) at least one halogenated hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons; (b) at least one lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, napthenes, aromatics and poly-α-olefins; and (c) at least one compatibilizer selected from the group consisting of: (i) polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers represented by the formula R¹[(OR²)_(x)OR³]_(y), wherein: x is selected from integers from 1 to 3; y is selected from integers from 1 to 4; R¹ is selected from hydrogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and y bonding sites; R² is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; R³ is selected from hydrogen, and aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; at least one of R¹ and R³ is selected from said hydrocarbon radicals; and wherein said polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 2.3 to about 5.0; (ii) amides represented by the formulae R¹CONR²R³ and cyclo-[R⁴CON(R⁵)-], wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and at most one aromatic radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R⁴ is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 120 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about 20, (iii) ketones represented by the formula R¹COR², wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said ketones have a molecular weight of from about 70 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 4 to about 13, (iv) nitriles represented by the formula R¹CN, wherein R¹ is selected from aliphatic, alicyclic or aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said nitriles have a molecular weight of from about 90 to about 200 atomic mass units and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of from about 6 to about 12, (v) chlorocarbons represented by the formula RCl_(x), wherein; x is selected from the integers 1 or 2; R is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said chlorocarbons have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 200 atomic mass units and carbon to chlorine ratio from about 2 to about 10, (vi) aryl ethers represented by the formula R¹OR², wherein: R¹ is selected from aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R² is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and wherein said aryl ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 150 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 4 to about 20, (vii) 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes represented by the formula CF₃R¹, wherein R¹ is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms; and (viii) fluoroethers represented by the formula R¹OCF₂CF₂H, wherein R¹ is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said insulating plenum comprises closed cell polymer insulating foam containing gaseous hydrofluorocarbon within said closed cells.
 13. A method for improving the energy efficiency of a compression refrigeration apparatus containing closed cell polymer foam containing gaseous hydrofluorocarbon in said cells, comprising the step of using in said compression refrigeration apparatus a refrigeration composition comprising: (a) at least one halogenated hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons; (b) at least one lubricant selected from the group consisting of paraffins, napthenes, aromatics and poly-α-olefins; and (c) at least one compatibilizer selected from the group consisting of: (i) polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers represented by the formula R¹[(OR²)_(x)OR³]_(y), wherein: x is selected from integers from 1 to 3; y is selected from integers from 1 to 4; R¹ is selected from hydrogen and aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and y bonding sites; R² is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms; R³ is selected from hydrogen, and aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms; at least one of R¹ and R³ is selected from said hydrocarbon radicals; and wherein said polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 2.3 to about 5.0; (ii) amides represented by the formulae R¹CONR²R³ and cyclo-[R⁴CON(R⁵)-], wherein R¹, R², R³ and R⁵ are independently selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and at most one aromatic radical having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R⁴ is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbylene radicals having from 3 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said amides have a molecular weight of from about 120 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 7 to about 20, (iii) ketones represented by the formula R¹COR², wherein R¹ and R² are independently selected from aliphatic, alicyclic and aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said ketones have a molecular weight of from about 70 to about 300 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 4 to about 13, (iv) nitrites represented by the formula R¹CN, wherein R¹ is selected from aliphatic, alicyclic or aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, and wherein said nitrites have a molecular weight of from about 90 to about 200 atomic mass units and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of from about 6 to about 12, (v) chlorocarbons represented by the formula RCl_(x), wherein; x is selected from the integers 1 or 2; R is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms; and wherein said chlorocarbons have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 200 atomic mass units and carbon to chlorine ratio from about 2 to about 10, (vi) aryl ethers represented by the formula R¹OR², wherein: R¹ is selected from aryl hydrocarbon radicals having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms; R² is selected from aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; and wherein said aryl ethers have a molecular weight of from about 100 to about 150 atomic mass units and a carbon to oxygen ratio of from about 4 to about 20, (vii) 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes represented by the formula CF₃R¹, wherein R¹ is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms; and (viii) fluoroethers represented by the formula R¹OCF₂CF₂H, wherein R¹ is selected from aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbon radicals having from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms. 